PORIFERA

Question 1

Multicellular animals
Referred to collectively as

Answer 1

metazoans

Question 2

Modern descendants

Answer 2

Protozoa, plus multicellular plants, animals, and fungi

Question 3

Metazoans placed in what clade

Answer 3

Opisthokont clade

Question 4

Class
Solitary or colonial aquatic eukaryotes

Answer 4

Choanoflagellates

Question 5

Each cell has a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli

Beating the flagellum draws water into collar

Microvilli collect mostly bacteria

Answer 5

choanocyte

Question 6

Class
Most are sessile
Strongly resemble sponges to feeding cells
one species attaches to floating diatom colonies

Answer 6

Choanoflagellates

Question 7

Much debate whether sponge choanocytes are ancestral to choanoflagellates

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Sessile sponges are filter feeders

Answer 8

true

Question 9

Phylum
means “pore-bearing”
Sac-like bodies perforated by many pores

Answer 9

Phylum Porifera

Question 10

multicellular heterotrophs
Asymmetrical, seldom appear radially symmetrical
Lack true tissues and organs

Answer 10

Phylum Porifera

Question 11

Many organisms, including crabs, nudibranchs, mites, bryozoans and fish live as
in sponges

Answer 11

commensals or
parasites in sponges

Question 12

Sessile animals that have a porous body and choanocytes

Supported by a skeleton of tiny needle-like spicules and protein

Live both in fresh and marine waters

found in all seas at all depths and vary greatly in size

Some stand erect, some are branched, and some are encrusting

Answer 12

Phylum Porifera

Question 13

Embryos in porifera are free-swimming

Answer 13

true

Question 14

adult sponges always attached

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Rigid skeleton consists of

Answer 15

calcareous or siliceous spicules

Question 15

Skeletal structure of a sponge can be

Answer 15

fibrous and/or rigid

Question 16

Fibrous portion comes from _______ in the intercellular matrix

Answer 16

collagen fibrils

Question 17

Composition and shape of the spicules forms the basis of sponge classification

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Composition and shape of the spicules

Answer 18

siliceous spicules - (hexatinellada, Demospongiae)
Spongin
Calcareous

Question 19

Types of Canal System

Answer 19

Asconoids, Syconoid, Leuconoids

Question 20

Types of Canal System
Flagellated
spongocoels
* Simplest body form
* Small and tube-shaped
* Water enters a large cavity, the spongocoel
* Lined with choanocytes
* Choanocyte flagella pull water through

Answer 20

Asconoids

Question 21

All Calcarea are asconoids

Answer 21

true

Question 22

examples of Leucocolenia and Clathrina

Answer 22

Asconoids

Question 23

Types of Canal System
tubular body and singular osculum like asconoids
The walls of the sponge are folded to form choanocyte lined canals
Increased area for feeding
Class Calcarea

Answer 23

Syconoid

Question 24

Flagellated Chambers Most complex and are larger with many oscula Choanocytes line the walls of small chambers where they can filter all the water that flows through

Answer 24

Leuconoids

Question 25

Most sponges are leuconoid

Answer 25

true

Question 26

Large sponges filter 1500 liters of water per day

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells secretes collagen

Answer 27

collenocyte

Question 28

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells forms the outer covering of the sponge.

Answer 28

Pinacocyte

Question 29

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells egg cell

Answer 29

Oocyte

Question 30

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells controls water flow through ostia.

Answer 30

Porocyte

Question 31

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells delivers nutrients to cells.

Answer 31

Amoebocyte

Question 32

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells secretes silica spicules.

Answer 32

Sclerocyte

Question 33

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells generates water current and filters food particles from water.

Answer 33

Choanocyte

Question 34

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells lagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingested food.

Answer 34

Choanocytes

Question 35

Absence of tissues and organs means that fundamental processes occur on the

Answer 35

cellular level

Question 36

Respiration and excretion occur by _____ in each cell.

Answer 36

diffusion

Question 37

is the gelatinous matrix containing skeletal elements and amoeboid cells

Answer 37

Mesohyl

Question 38

The choanocytes pass food particles to for digestion.

Answer 38

archeocyte

Question 39

Digestion occurs entirely within _____, and there is no gut

Answer 39

cells

Question 40

Other cells secrete spicules , spongin, & collegen give them their other names

Answer 40

spicules (sclerocytes) spongin (spongocytes) collagen (collenocytes)

Question 41

Oval cells with one end embedded in mesohyl Exposed end has one flagellum surrounded by a collar

Answer 41

Choanocytes

Question 42

consists of adjacent microvilli Forms a fine filtering device to strain food

Answer 42

Collar

Question 43

Particles too large to enter collar are trapped in mucous Moved to the choanocyte and then

Answer 43

phagocytized

Question 44

cells that Move about in the mesohyl Phagocytize particles in the pinacoderm

Answer 44

Archaeocytes

Question 45

Can differentiate into any other type of cell name them all secrete spicules secrete spongin secrete fibrillar collagen secrete collagen

Answer 45

* Sclerocytes secrete spicules * Spongocytes secrete spongin * Collencytes secrete fibrillar collagen * Lophocytes secrete collagen

Question 46

* Form pinacoderm * Flat epithelial-like cells * Somewhat contractile * Some are myocytes that help regulate flow of water

Answer 46

Pinacocytes

Question 47

Sponges have remarkable regeneration capabilities

Answer 47

true

Question 48

Regeneration following _______ is a form of asexual reproduction External buds can break off to form new sponges

Answer 48

fragmentation

Question 49

what part in freshwater sponges can remain dormant in times of drought

Answer 49

Internal buds orgemmules

Question 50

Most sponges are hermaphrodites meaning that each individual functions as both male and female

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Most sponges monoecious

Answer 51

true

Question 52

Gametes are derived from ________ or sometimes ________.

Answer 52

archaeocytes

Question 53

Most are After fertilization, the zygote is retained and is nourished by the parent. Ciliated larvae are later released.

Answer 53

viviparous

Question 54

Some sponges are releasing gametes in the water

Answer 54

oviparous

Question 55

Class Calcareous sponges with spicules of calcium carbonate Most are small with tubular or vase shaped. Many are drab in color, but some are bright yellow, green, red, or lavender

Answer 55

Class Calcarea

Question 56

Class Calcarea body forms

Answer 56

Asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid

Question 57

Trabecular reticulum made a fusion of archaeocyte pseudopodia forms the chambers opening to spongocoel Choanoblasts are associated with flagellated chambers

Answer 57

Class Hexactinellida

Question 58

is largest continuous syncytial tissue known in Metazoa

Answer 58

Trabecular reticulum

Question 59

Contains 95% of living sponge species Spicules are siliceous but not six-rayed Absent spicules or bound together by spongin All leuconoid, mostly marine Spongilllidae

Answer 59

Class Demospongiae

Question 60

Contain only one order divided into two families Formed to contain sponges without a skeleton or with siliceous spicules without an axial filament

Answer 60

Class Homoscleromorpha

Question 60

(freshwater sponges)

Answer 60

Spongilllidae

Question 61

Sponges that appeared before the Cambrian Glass sponges expanded in the Devonian

Answer 61

Class Placozoa

Question 62

sponges arose from choanoflagellates theory However, some corals and echinoderms also have collar cells, and sponges acquire them late in development

Answer 62

One theory

Question 63

Molecular rRNA evidence suggests Common ancestor for choanoflagellates and metazoans

Answer 63

Class Placozoa

Question 64

are sister groups with Porifera splitting off before radiates and placozoans

Answer 64

Sponges and Eumetazoa

Question 65

Basal group of multicellular animals – No symmetry – No muscular or nervous organs – Glides over food, secretes digestive enzymes, and absorb nutrients

Answer 65

Class Placozoa

Question 66

mysterious placozoan

Answer 66

Polyplacotoma mediterranea

Question 67

Class Placozoa Cell layers

Answer 67

Dorsal epithelium Thick ventral epithelium of monociliated cells and nonciliated gland cells Space between the epithelia contain fibrous “cells” within a contractile syncytium

Question 68

Dorsal epithelium represents ectoderm and ventral epithelium represents endoderm

Answer 68

Diploblastic