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SYSTEMATICS > PORIFERA > Flashcards

PORIFERA Flashcards

1
Q

Multicellular animals
Referred to collectively as

A

metazoans

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2
Q

Modern descendants

A

Protozoa, plus multicellular plants, animals, and fungi

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3
Q

Metazoans placed in what clade

A

Opisthokont clade

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4
Q

Class
Solitary or colonial aquatic eukaryotes

A

Choanoflagellates

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5
Q

Each cell has a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli

Beating the flagellum draws water into collar

Microvilli collect mostly bacteria

A

choanocyte

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6
Q

Class
Most are sessile
Strongly resemble sponges to feeding cells
one species attaches to floating diatom colonies

A

Choanoflagellates

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7
Q

Much debate whether sponge choanocytes are ancestral to choanoflagellates

A

true

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8
Q

Sessile sponges are filter feeders

A

true

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9
Q

Phylum
means “pore-bearing”
Sac-like bodies perforated by many pores

A

Phylum Porifera

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10
Q

multicellular heterotrophs
Asymmetrical, seldom appear radially symmetrical
Lack true tissues and organs

A

Phylum Porifera

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11
Q

Many organisms, including crabs, nudibranchs, mites, bryozoans and fish live as
in sponges

A

commensals or
parasites in sponges

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12
Q

Sessile animals that have a porous body and choanocytes

Supported by a skeleton of tiny needle-like spicules and protein

Live both in fresh and marine waters

found in all seas at all depths and vary greatly in size

Some stand erect, some are branched, and some are encrusting

A

Phylum Porifera

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13
Q

Embryos in porifera are free-swimming

A

true

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14
Q

adult sponges always attached

A

true

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15
Q

Rigid skeleton consists of

A

calcareous or siliceous spicules

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15
Q

Skeletal structure of a sponge can be

A

fibrous and/or rigid

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16
Q

Fibrous portion comes from _______ in the intercellular matrix

A

collagen fibrils

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17
Q

Composition and shape of the spicules forms the basis of sponge classification

A

true

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18
Q

Composition and shape of the spicules

A

siliceous spicules - (hexatinellada, Demospongiae)
Spongin
Calcareous

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19
Q

Types of Canal System

A

Asconoids, Syconoid, Leuconoids

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20
Q

Types of Canal System
Flagellated
spongocoels
* Simplest body form
* Small and tube-shaped
* Water enters a large cavity, the spongocoel
* Lined with choanocytes
* Choanocyte flagella pull water through

A

Asconoids

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21
Q

All Calcarea are asconoids

A

true

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22
Q

examples of Leucocolenia and Clathrina

A

Asconoids

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23
Q

Types of Canal System
tubular body and singular osculum like asconoids
The walls of the sponge are folded to form choanocyte lined canals
Increased area for feeding
Class Calcarea

A

Syconoid

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24
Q

Flagellated Chambers
Most complex and are larger with many oscula
Choanocytes line the walls of small chambers where they can filter all the water that flows through

A

Leuconoids

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25
Q

Most sponges are leuconoid

A

true

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26
Q

Large sponges filter 1500 liters of water per day

A

true

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27
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
secretes collagen

A

collenocyte

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28
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
forms the outer covering of the sponge.

A

Pinacocyte

29
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
egg cell

A

Oocyte

30
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
controls water flow through ostia.

A

Porocyte

31
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
delivers nutrients to cells.

A

Amoebocyte

32
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
secretes silica spicules.

A

Sclerocyte

33
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
generates water current and filters food particles from water.

A

Choanocyte

34
Q

Phylum Porifera: Types of Cells
lagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingested food.

A

Choanocytes

35
Q

Absence of tissues and organs means that fundamental processes occur on the

A

cellular level

36
Q

Respiration and excretion occur by _____ in each cell.

A

diffusion

37
Q

is the gelatinous matrix containing skeletal
elements and amoeboid cells

A

Mesohyl

38
Q

The choanocytes pass food particles to
for digestion.

A

archeocyte

39
Q

Digestion occurs entirely within _____, and there is no gut

A

cells

40
Q

Other cells secrete spicules , spongin, & collegen
give them their other names

A

spicules (sclerocytes)
spongin (spongocytes)
collagen (collenocytes)

41
Q

Oval cells with one end embedded in mesohyl
Exposed end has one flagellum surrounded by a collar

A

Choanocytes

42
Q

consists of adjacent microvilli
Forms a fine filtering device to strain food

A

Collar

43
Q

Particles too large to enter collar are trapped in mucous Moved to the choanocyte and then

A

phagocytized

44
Q

cells that Move about in the mesohyl
Phagocytize particles in the pinacoderm

A

Archaeocytes

45
Q

Can differentiate into any other type of cell

name them all

secrete spicules
secrete spongin
secrete fibrillar collagen
secrete collagen

A
  • Sclerocytes secrete spicules
  • Spongocytes secrete spongin
  • Collencytes secrete fibrillar collagen
  • Lophocytes secrete collagen
46
Q
  • Form pinacoderm
  • Flat epithelial-like cells
  • Somewhat contractile
  • Some are myocytes that help
    regulate flow of water
A

Pinacocytes

47
Q

Sponges have remarkable regeneration capabilities

A

true

48
Q

Regeneration following _______ is a form of
asexual reproduction
External buds can break off to form new sponges

A

fragmentation

49
Q

what part in freshwater sponges can remain dormant in times of drought

A

Internal buds orgemmules

50
Q

Most sponges are hermaphrodites meaning
that each individual functions as both male and female

A

true

51
Q

Most sponges monoecious

A

true

52
Q

Gametes are derived from ________ or sometimes ________.

A

archaeocytes

53
Q

Most are

After fertilization, the zygote is retained and is nourished by the parent. Ciliated larvae are later released.

A

viviparous

54
Q

Some sponges are

releasing gametes in the water

A

oviparous

55
Q

Class
Calcareous sponges with spicules of calcium carbonate
Most are small with tubular or vase shaped.
Many are drab in color, but some are bright yellow, green, red, or lavender

A

Class Calcarea

56
Q

Class Calcarea body forms

A

Asconoid, syconoid and
leuconoid

57
Q

Trabecular reticulum made a fusion of archaeocyte pseudopodia

forms the chambers opening to spongocoel

Choanoblasts are associated with flagellated chambers

A

Class Hexactinellida

58
Q

is largest continuous syncytial tissue known in Metazoa

A

Trabecular reticulum

59
Q

Contains 95% of living sponge species
Spicules are siliceous but not six-rayed
Absent spicules or bound together by spongin
All leuconoid, mostly marine
Spongilllidae

A

Class Demospongiae

60
Q

Contain only one order
divided into two families
Formed to contain sponges without a skeleton or with siliceous spicules without an axial filament

A

Class Homoscleromorpha

60
Q

(freshwater sponges)

A

Spongilllidae

61
Q

Sponges that appeared before the Cambrian
Glass sponges expanded in the Devonian

A

Class Placozoa

62
Q

sponges arose from choanoflagellates theory

However, some corals and echinoderms also have collar cells, and sponges acquire them late in development

A

One theory

63
Q

Molecular rRNA evidence suggests

Common ancestor for choanoflagellates and metazoans

A

Class Placozoa

64
Q

are sister groups with Porifera splitting off before radiates and placozoans

A

Sponges and Eumetazoa

65
Q

Basal group of multicellular
animals
– No symmetry
– No muscular or nervous organs
– Glides over food, secretes digestive enzymes, and absorb nutrients

A

Class Placozoa

66
Q

mysterious placozoan

A

Polyplacotoma mediterranea

67
Q

Class Placozoa Cell layers

A

Dorsal epithelium
Thick ventral epithelium of monociliated cells and nonciliated gland cells
Space between the epithelia contain fibrous “cells” within a contractile syncytium

68
Q

Dorsal epithelium represents ectoderm and ventral epithelium represents endoderm

A

Diploblastic

SYSTEMATICS (12 decks)

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