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SYSTEMATICS > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Almost present everywhere as they are many, despite lacking in size (microscopic)

They thrive almost everywhere, including places with extreme conditions

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Structure of prokaryotes

A

Simple unlike complex eukaryotes

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3
Q

shape of prokaryotes’ flagellum

A

Rod-shaped

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4
Q

Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell

A

Comprised of a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, capsule, nucleoid, ribosomes, pili, and flagellum, cytoplasm, circular DNA

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5
Q

Outermost layer of prokaryotes

Contains pili or fimbriae;

A

Capsule

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6
Q

the sticky layer present in capsule is made out of

A

Sticky layer of polysaccharide or
protein

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7
Q

Maintains shape, provides physical
protection, and prevents the cell from
bursting in a hypotonic environment

A

Cell Wall

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8
Q

Cell Wall Comprised of two layers

A

outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer

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9
Q

Leading component of the cell

May include specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions

A

Plasma Membrane

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10
Q

specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions in prokaryotes

A

Respiratory membrane

Thylakoid membrane

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11
Q

naked DNA inside the plasma
membrane; in the nucleoid region

A

Circular DNA

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12
Q

Smaller rings of DNA in prokaryotes

A

Plasmids

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13
Q

compact structures that only contain RNA and proteins.
in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell are widely distributed.

A

Cytoplasmic Ribosomes
“Cytosolic ribosomes”

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14
Q

May contain proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates, depending on the organism

A

storage granules

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15
Q

Used for locomotory services

A

Flagellum

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16
Q

Allows prokaryotes to stick to their substrates or other individuals in a colony;

short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells. They can have a role in movement, but are more often involved in adherence to surfaces, which facilitates infection

A

Pili (Pilus)

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17
Q

long version of a Pili, help the cell stick to a surface

A

Fimbriae

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18
Q

Part of the cell used for Gram stain

A

Cell Wall

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19
Q

test used For the classification of bacterial species into groups
Based on the cell wall composition

A

Gram stain

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20
Q

is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.

A

Gram stain

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21
Q

thick peptidoglycan layer;
not resistant to antibiotics

A

Gram-positive

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22
Q

narrow peptidoglycan layer;
sandwiched by two other layers;
coated by lipopolysaccharide

resistant to antibiotics (requires high
potency antibiotics because of the
additional layers)

A

Gram-negative

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23
Q

coat that hinders the staining of the Gram-negative bacteria;

A

lipopolysaccharide

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24
Q

gram-positive stain

A

Dark purple stain

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25
Q

gram-negative stain

A

Light purple or pink

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26
Q

medication that prevents cell wall formation

A

Antibiotics

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27
Q

Motility of prokaryote

A

Through the use of flagella

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28
Q

Depending on the species, the flagella may be one to many. It may also surround the entire cell, apical or basal.

A

true

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29
Q

in what enviroment may bacteria exhibit taxis

A

heterogenous environment

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30
Q

the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli.

A

taxis

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31
Q

movement toward or away from
a source of light

A

Phototaxis

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32
Q

response to chemical presence, movement toward or away

A

Chemotaxis

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33
Q

Located in the cytoplasm; hence, the flagellum cannot easily be detached from the cell body as it is deeply attached.

A

Basal Apparatus

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34
Q

Endosymbiotic explanation states that the flagellum may be

A

another bacterium (it is another spirochete that is attached to the developing proto-eukaryote.

It may be another bacterium attached to a body

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35
Q

Living component of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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36
Q

lack complex compartmentalization

A

Prokaryotes

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37
Q

Presence of respiratory membrane
in the plasma membrane

A

Aerobic prokaryotes

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38
Q

Presence of thylakoid membrane in
the plasma membrane

A

Photosynthetic prokaryote

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39
Q

Located in the nucleoid region
Plasmids
Smaller rings of DNA found in bacteria; separate from the major ring of DNA

A

Circular DNA (naked DNA)

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40
Q

Quick reproduction

Division is every 1-3 hours

A

binary fission

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41
Q

Many prokaryotes form __________
o Spores resistant to harsh conditions

A

endospores

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42
Q

Bacteria reproduce asexually but exhange
genetic information in three ways:

A

conjugation, transduction, and transformation

43
Q

Direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily join

A

Conjugation

44
Q

conjugation of two bacteria is Joined by the

A

conjugation pilus

45
Q

“male”: DNA donor -
F factor, sex pili
“Female”: DNA recipient

A

true

46
Q

Transfer of bacterial genes carried by phages from one host cell to another; how viruses
(phages) reproduce

A

Transduction

47
Q

The alteration of a bacterial cell’s genotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

DNA that is scattered is being absorbed by a living bacterium, which causes a mutation

A

Transformation

48
Q

Produce their own food

A

Autotrophs

49
Q

Produce their own food
Among photosynthetic organisms
Absorption of light and carbon dioxide

A

Photoautotroph

50
Q

Produce their own food
Gets energy from the inorganic chemicals
inside their bodies (ex. Hydrogen sulfide gas)

A

Chemoautotroph

51
Q

Highly dependent on other available food
sources

A

Heterotrophs

52
Q

Heterotrophs
Degrades organic compounds to get carbon

A

Photoheterotroph

53
Q

Heterotrophs
Decomposers; most prokaryotes
Gets both energy and carbon from organic
compounds

A

Chemoheterotroph

54
Q

require O2; they die without it

A

Obligate Anaerobes

55
Q

Can survive with or without O2

A

Facultative Aerobes

56
Q

poisoned by O2 Most primitive

A

Obligate Anaerobes

57
Q

Plausible cases of evolution

A

Obligate Anaerobes → Obligate Aerobes → Facultative Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes → Facultative Aerobes → Obligate Aerobes

58
Q

presence of heterocyst

A

Nitrogen Fixation

59
Q

surface-coating colonies where metabolic
cooperation occurs in
colonies of bacteria

A

Biofilms

60
Q

ex of Biofilms

A

Tartar

61
Q

First classified as a separate group of
prokaryotes in 1977.

A

Archaea

62
Q

Basis of systematists in prokaryotic
taxonomy
Based on form

A

phenotypic criteria

63
Q

Most common bacterial shapes

A

▪ Spherical (cocci)
▪ Rod-shaped (bacilli)
▪ Spiral

64
Q

Three Domains

A

Bacteria: Most primitive
Archaea
Eukarya: Most derived/advanced

65
Q

Most primitive

A

Domain Bacteria

66
Q

Most primitive clades
Gram-negative bacteria

Subgroup:
Alpha Proteobacteria
Beta Proteobacteria
Gamma Proteobacteria
Delta Proteobacteria
Epsilon Proteobacteria

A

Proteobacteria

67
Q

Subgroup of Domain Bacteria

A

Alpha Proteobacteria
Beta Proteobacteria
Gamma Proteobacteria
Delta Proteobacteria
Epsilon Proteobacteria

68
Q

Living between the root nodules of legumes
plants/organisms and other
Infecting bacterium in the nodule
Symbiotic relationships with
plants as they can fix nitrogen

A

Rhizobium (arrows)

69
Q

Involved in nitrogen metabolism (nitrates to nitrite)

A

Nitrosomonas

70
Q

Subgroup: Gamma Proteobacteria

A

Chromatium

71
Q

Subgroup: Delta Proteobacteria

A

Chrondromyces crocatus
Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus

72
Q

Helical structure
Housed in the pylorus in mammals
Causes ulcers
Subgroup: Epsilon Proteobacteria

A

Helicobacter pylori

73
Q

Found in the urine of rats
Cause of Leptospirosis

A

Leptospira

74
Q

No cell wall
are more advanced than
the gram-negative bacteria

A

Gram-Positive Bacteria

75
Q

Cyanobacteria genus

A

Gloeocapsa, Oscillatoria, Spirulina,
Anabaena, Nostoc, Rivularia,

76
Q

Has heterocyst in between its vegetative cells (intercalary heterocyst);

thicker mucilaginous sheath

Group: secretes mucilaginous sheath

A

Nostoc

77
Q

Tapered body organization;

Basal: heterocyst

Has mucilaginous sheath

A

Rivularia

78
Q

Also has heterocyst in between its vegetative
cells (intercalary heterocyst)

A

Anabaena

79
Q

Spiral bodies; homocystous; forms hormogonia (small fragments used to reproduce asexually);

highly nutritious cyanobacteria; used for supplements

A

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)

80
Q

homocystous; forms hormogonia (small fragments used to reproduce asexually);

highly nutritious cyanobacteria; used for supplements

A

Oscillatoria

81
Q

Their colonies are composed of very small organisms; causes red tides

A

Microcystis

82
Q

The cells secrete individual gelatinous sheaths which can often be seen as sheaths around recently divided cells within outer sheaths. Recently divided cell pairs often appear to be only one cell since the new cells cohere temporarily.

A

Gloeocapsa

83
Q

ram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.

A

Cyanobacteria

84
Q

boulder structures
Most ancient biological rocks on earth
Layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of cyanobacteria

A

stromatolites

85
Q

Similar to domain bacteria -
Prokaryotes living in extreme environments
o “Extremophiles”

has no peptidoglycan in walls

has Histones or porteins associated with DNA

A

Domain Archaea

86
Q

Archaea that live in Very hot environments

A

Extreme Thermophiles

87
Q

Archaea that live in Highly saline environments

A

Extreme Halophiles

88
Q

Archaea that live in Highly acidic environments

A

Acidophiles

89
Q

Archaea that live in Swamps and marshes;
Produce methane as a waste product

A

Methanogens

90
Q

Ponds containing water that is 5-6x saltier than seawater
o The colors reflect the ability of the species to withstand varying saline levels

A

Salt Bed

91
Q

Roles of Prokaryotes in the Biosphere

A

Chemical Recycling
Decomposers
Nitrogen-fixing

92
Q

Pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae

93
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

94
Q

Stomach ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

95
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

96
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Neiserria gonorrhoeae

97
Q

Salmonellosis

A

Salmonella enterica

98
Q

Causes diseases by releasing exotoxins or
endotoxins

Potential weapons of bioterrorism

A

Pathogenic Prokaryotes

99
Q

Causes diseases even when the producers are not physically present
Toxins that have been previously released to the environment

A

Exotoxins

100
Q

Only released when the cell wall is broken after the death of a bacteria
Bacteria is present

A

Endotoxins

101
Q

Letters traced with anthrax were
distributed

A

Bacillus anthracis scare

102
Q

Koch’s Postulates process

A

o Find the candidate bacterium in every case of the disease
o Isolate and grow in pure culture
o Show that the cultured bacterium causes the disease when transferred to a healthy subject
o If the injected animal acquires the disease, then it can be concluded that the bacterium is the cause of the disease.
o Isolate from experiment subject and compare with the original bacterium

103
Q

Disease Prevention for prokaryotes

A

Disinfectants
Alcohol, iodine, bleach
Cold temperatures (refrigeration)
Heating/cooking
Antibiotics

104
Q

Beneficial Impacts of Prokaryotes

A

DNA technological advances
Synthesis of vitamins
Production of antibiotics, hormones, and other products
Prokaryotes are the principal agents in
bioremediation

SYSTEMATICS (12 decks)

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