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PROTOZOA Flashcards

1
Q

Dates to 3.5 billion years ago
First evidence of life
Origin of complex eukaryote cells

A

Cellular Symbiosis

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2
Q

First cells were

A

bacteria-like

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3
Q

Modification of engulfed
prokaryote into an organelle:

A

Primary endosymbiosis

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4
Q

Aerobic bacteria engulfed by
bacteria
May have become
______ found in most
modern eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

Engulfed photosynthetic
bacteria evolved into

A

chloroplasts

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6
Q

Descendants in green algae lineage gave rise to

A

multicellular plants

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7
Q

One eukaryotic cell engulfed another eukaryotic cell

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

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8
Q

how did the emergence of Eukaryotes happen?

A

Other groups apparently originated by Secondary endosymbiosis

Latter became transformed into an organelle

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9
Q

lack cell wall
one motile stage in the life cycle
most ingest their food
Carry on all life activities within a single-cell
Can survive only within narrow environmental ranges
Very important ecologically

A

Protozoa

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10
Q

there are at least * amount* species of protozoa are symbiotic in or on other plants on animals

A

10,000

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11
Q

Kingdom Protista members

A

Plant-like protist (algae)
Animal-like protists (protozoans)
Fungus like protist

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12
Q

photosynthetic autotrophs
algae

A

plant-like protists

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13
Q

heterotrophs
protozoa

A

Animal-like protist

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14
Q

heterotroph
molds

A

fungi-like protist

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15
Q

Plant-like protist examples

A

unicellular
euglenophyta
Chrysophyta
pyrrophyta

multicellular
chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta

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16
Q

Examples of Animal-like protists

A

Sarcodina - amoeba
Ciliophora- paramecium
Zoomastigophora - tripanosome
sporozoa - plasmodium

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17
Q

Fungus time protist examples

A

myxomycota-slime molds
oomycota-water molds

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18
Q

Once considered one phylum
Recently shown that there are at least seven or more phyla
May be more than 60 exclusive eukaryotic clades

Now used informally without implying phyletic relationship

A

Protozoa

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19
Q

Nutrition in Protozoans

A

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Mixotrophs

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20
Q

Nutrition in Protozoans
contain chloroplasts

A

Autotrophs

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21
Q

Nutrition in Protozoans
absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Phagocytosis

A

Heterotrophs

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22
Q

Nutrition in Protozoans
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

A

Mixotrophs

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23
Q

Protozoans Occur in Diverse Habitats, where?

A

Freshwater and marine
Require moisture

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24
Q

Diverse relationships of protozoans

A

Mutualistic Commensalistic Parasitic

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25
Q

Protists have three main methods of locomotion

A

have one or two long flagella that they can whip around and propel themselves through the water

cillia for both feeding and locomotion

Others use ameboid movement to get around

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26
Q

A pseudopod is extended forward,
followed by the rest of the organism

A

ameboid movement

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27
Q

Cilia and flagella share an internal structure of the
extending beyond the cell
consisting of 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair

A

axoneme

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28
Q

Inside the cell, the
consists of 9 triplets of microtubules just like centrioles.

A

kinetosome

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29
Q

are extensions of the cell cytoplasm used for locomotion.

A

Pseudopodia

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30
Q

Large blunt extensions of the cell body
Contains both endoplasm and ectoplasm

A

Lobopodia

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31
Q

Thin extensions Containing only ectoplasm

A

Filopodia

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32
Q

Repeatedly rejoin to form a netlike mesh

A

Reticulopodia

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33
Q

Long thin pseudopodia
Support by axial rods of microtubules

A

Axopodia

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34
Q

Functional Components of Protozoan cells

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Golgi
Plastids
Extrusomes

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35
Q

Nutrition intake methods in Protozoans

A

Holozoic feeders, or phagotrophs
pinocytosis

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36
Q

ingest particles of food

A

Holozoic feeders, or phagotrophs

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37
Q

the membrane-bound vesicle containing the food.
fuse with lysosomes containing digestive enzymes.

A

Food vacuole

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38
Q

the site of phagocytosis is a definite mouth structure

A

cytosome

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39
Q

Saprozoic feeding may be by
or by transport of solutes across the cell membrane.

A

pinocytosis

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40
Q

ingestion of soluble food

A

Saprozoic feeding

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41
Q

Organelle used for Excretion and osmoregulation

A

Contractile vacuoles

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42
Q

fill with fluid and then expel the fluid outside the cell
More common in freshwater
species.

A

Contractile vacuoles

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43
Q

Asexual Processes
Produces more individuals than other forms of reproduct

44
Q

one individual splits into two equal sized individuals.

A

Binary fission

45
Q

progeny cell much smaller than a parent.

46
Q

multiple nuclear divisions followed by multiple cytoplasmic
divisions producing several offspring.

A

Multiple fission

47
Q

types of asexual reproduction in Protozoa

A

Binary fission
Budding
Multiple fission

48
Q

all of the asexual reproductions involve or accompanied by

49
Q

Mitosis in protozoa divisions varies from

A

metazoan mitosis

50
Q

Differences of protozoan mitosis and metazoan mitosis

A

• Nuclear membrane often persists
• Spindle may form within the nuclear membrane
• Centrioles not observed in ciliates
• Macronucleus of ciliates elongates, constricts, and divides without mitosis (amitosis)

51
Q

Macronucleus of ciliates elongates, constricts, and divides without mitosis

52
Q

can protists reproduce sexually and asexually

53
Q

gametes all look alike

A

Isogametes

54
Q

gametes are two different types

A

Anisogametes

55
Q

gametes from two individuals fuse to form the zygote.

56
Q

gametes from one individual fuse.

57
Q

gametic nuclei are exchanged.

A

Conjugation

58
Q

Major protozoa taxa
very large clade characterized by a combination of flattened mitochondrial cristae and one posterior flagellum on flagellated cells

Includes animals, fungi, chaonoflagellates and microsporidians.

A

Opisthokonta

59
Q

clade
includes several groups of heterotrophs and certain groups of algae.
most have a “hairy”flagellum paired with a “smooth”
flagellum
Includes Water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae.

A

Clade Stramenophiles

60
Q

clade
contains unicellular and multicellular green algae, bryophytes and vascular plants.

A

Clade Viridiplantae

61
Q

phylum with single celled algae colonial forms, present in clade viridiplantae

A

Phylum Chlorophyta

62
Q

Clade Viridiplantae,

colonial organism that shows a division of labor where most cells are
somatic cells

Concerned with nutrition & locomotion, but a few germ cells are responsible for reproduction.

63
Q

a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.

A

Phylum Euglenozoa

64
Q

example subphylum of Phylum Euglenozoa

A

Kinetoplastids & Euglenids

65
Q

Phylum where there is a Persistence of nucleoli during mitosis.
Cell membrane contains microtubules to stiffen it into a pellicle.

A

Phylum Euglenozoa

66
Q

Subphylum
have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.
Contain chloroplasts surrounded by a double membrane

A

Subphylum Euglenida

67
Q

Subphylum Euglenida has arisan by the first or secondary symbiosis

A

may have arisen by secondary endosymbiosis.

68
Q

have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.

Include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems.
Others are parasitic.

A

Subphylum Kinetoplasta

69
Q

single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a

A

kinetoplast

70
Q

example of genera in Subphylum Kinetoplasta

A

Trypanosoma

71
Q

Phylum
Includes commensal and parasitic unicells
lack mitochondria and Golgi

A

Phylum Retortamonada

72
Q

Phylum Retortamonada group
Are adapted to anaerobic environments.
Lack plastids.
Lack mitochondria but may have mitochondrial genes in the nucleus.

have two nuclei and multiple flagella.

A

Diplomonads

73
Q

examples Diplomonads

74
Q

Phylum Retortamonada group

Move using flagella and an undulating part of the plasma membrane.
This clade may have diverged from the main eukaryotic clade very early.

A

Parabasalids

75
Q

examples Parabasalids

A

trcihomonas, Trichonympha, Spirotrichonympha

76
Q

clade
have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.

A

Clade Alveolata

77
Q

examples of Clade Alveolata

A

Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates.

78
Q

Members of the phylum ____ use cilia to move and feed.

A

Ciliophora

79
Q

Phylum Alveolata
Members of the phylum Ciliophora use cilia to move and feed
have large macronuclei and small micronuclei.
are a large, varied group of protists

80
Q

Ciliates Many have structures that can be expelled such as
Defensive function

A

trichocysts and toxicysts

81
Q

All ciliates have a _____ system made up of the cilia, kinetosomes and other fibrils.

82
Q

ciliates that lose cilia as adults, grow a stalk and become sessile.
Use tubelike tentacles for feeding.

A

Suctorians

83
Q

ciliates which are some commensal, others parasitic.

A

Symbiotic ciliates

84
Q

cilaltes that may be swimmers, or sessile.

A

Free-living ciliates

85
Q

Free-living ciliates examples

A

Stentor, Vorticella, Paramecium

86
Q

Reproduction in Paramecium

A

Paramecium, as well as many other protists, reproduce asexually by binary fission. or conjuagtion sexually

87
Q

is a sexual process that produces genetic variation in paramecium

A

Conjugation

88
Q

Phylum Alveolata
A diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and heterotrophs.
Abundant in both marine and freshwater phytoplankton

A

Dinoflagellates

89
Q

Phylum Alveolata
Each has a characteristic shape that in many species is reinforced by internal plates of cellulose.

A

Dinoflagellates

90
Q

Phylum Alveolata
Two flagella make them spin as they move through the water.

A

Dinoflagellates

91
Q

Rapid growth of some ______ is responsible for causing “red tides,” which can be toxic to humans.

A

dinoflagellates

92
Q

Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent.

93
Q

dinoflagellates live symbiotically with corals called

A

zooxanthellae

94
Q

Phylum Alveolata
are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases.
Have a non-photosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast.

A

Apicomplexans

95
Q

Phylum Alveolata
Named because one end, the apex, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues.

A

Apicomplexans

96
Q

Phylum Alveolata
have intricate life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages that often require two or more different host species for completion.

A

Apicomplexans

97
Q

Phylum
are found in fresh and salt water as well as moist soil.
feeds by wrapping a pseudopod around its food – phagocytosis.

A

Phylum Amoebozoa

98
Q

Phylum Amoebozoa
parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates.

A

-Entamoebas

99
Q

causes amebic dysentery in humans.

A

Entamoeba histolytica

100
Q

Phylum
Has a slender pseudopodia that extend through openings in the test, then branch and run together forming a net (reticulopodia).

A

Phylum Foraminifera

101
Q

Foraminiferans, or forams are named for their porous, generally multichambered shells, called

102
Q

Phylum
Pseudopodia extends through the pores in the test.

A

Phylum Foraminifera

103
Q

_______ in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record.

A

Foram tests

104
Q

Subphylum
It refers to marine testate ameba with intricate skeletons.
They have very diverse and beautiful forms.
Useful for determining the age of rock strata.

A

Radiolaria

105
Q

Radiolaria
The pseudopodia of radiolarians, known as
The pseudopodia of radiolarians, known as

SYSTEMATICS (12 decks)

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