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Biology > Specialized Proteins and Diabetes > Flashcards

Specialized Proteins and Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between someone with and without diabetes?

A

Diabetes disturbs the normal balance of glucose in and outside of cells. Diabetes disrupts homeostasis.

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2
Q

Describe the relationship between insulin and glucose.

A

Insulin helps regulate glucose levels in humans. Diabetes is caused when the body isn’t having enough insulin or cells are not responding to insulin.

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3
Q

Describe type I diabetes.

A

Born with it. The pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin because the immune system destroys the cells that make it.

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4
Q

What is the treatment for type I diabetes?

A

Require regular insulin shots; monitor blood glucose levels and intake of carbohydrates.

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5
Q

Describe type II diabetes.

A

Develops from poor health and diet.
Doesn’t produce enough insulin.
Insulin receptor proteins are damaged or overworked because it’s taking in too much sugar.
Transport proteins can’t be activated.
Cannot fight diseases because cells don’t have enough energy.

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6
Q

What is the treatment for type II diabetes?

A

Regular exercise, healthier diet.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of proteins?

A

Provides essential amino acids that our bodies do not synthesize on their own. The protein is first digested/broken down into amino acids and used by the ribosomes in cells to synthesize human proteins.

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8
Q

How many types of proteins are in the human body? What are their functions?

A

More than 200,000 types of proteins in the human body. The functions of proteins are diverse and it depends on their structures.

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9
Q

How many types of amino acids are in the human body?

A

20 different types.

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10
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A bond that holds together multiple amino acids in the primary stage.

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11
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Happens in the teritary structure, help amino acids fold over because of polarity and differently charged amino acids.

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12
Q

What directs the synthesis of proteins in our bodies?

A

The genetic information stored in DNA directs the synthesis of the thousands of proteins the cell needs.

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13
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are the building boxes of proteins.

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14
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An enzyme is a protein that makes a specific chemical reaction happen.

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15
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A receptor is a protein that receives a specific message and tells the cell to do something. Transports messages in and out of a cell.

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16
Q

What is a protein channel?

A

A protein channel is something that lets certain things in or out of a cell

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17
Q

What atoms make up amino acids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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18
Q

What are the groups in proteins? What atoms make up these groups?

A

They have an Amino group (hydrogen and nitrogen group), Carboxyl group (carbon, hydroxide, and oxygen), and side chain (R group, changes from one amino acid to the next).

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19
Q

What are the four levels of structure?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

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20
Q

What type of bonds mostly hold the protein in its tertiary structure?

A

Disulfide bonds hold the proteins together in a tertiary structure.

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21
Q

Describe the primary structure.

A

Amino acids are arranged in the primary structure in a polypeptide chain. Covalent bonds are strong. The sequence of A.A. characterizes the protein.

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22
Q

Describe the secondary structure.

A

Protein will begin to fold either in a spring-like coil (alpha helix) or will fold back and forth on itself (beta-pleated sheet)

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23
Q

Describe the tertiary structure.

A

A larger level of folding due to hydrogen and covalent bonding; interaction between R groups of each A.A. Can be functional now!

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24
Q

Describe the Quaternary structure.

A

Several polypeptide chains connected; 2 or more. Fully functional.

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25
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

An essential source of quick energy.

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26
Q

What are lipids?

A

A type of fat that is a long-term energy source.

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27
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are structural materials.

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28
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

They are proteins that allow for selective passage in and out of the cell.

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29
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

Carries nutrients distributes oxygen throughout the body. Transports small molecules and ions.

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30
Q

Where is hemoglobin located?

A

Can be located in red blood cells, and interacts with organs such as our heart and lungs.

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31
Q

What is the effect on the cell if this hemoglobin is damaged or missing?

A

Can cause anemia which is a disease that results from low levels of hemoglobin. Can cause sickle cell disease because the hemoglobin forms stiff rods that changes the shape of the cell.

32
Q

Where are transport proteins located?

A

In the cell membrane.

33
Q

What is a storage protein?

A

Storage proteins help store, release, and regulate whatever is being stored. They maintain the growth of all organisms.

34
Q

Where can ferritin be found?

A

Ferritin can be found in the cells of the liver.

35
Q

What does ferritin do?

A

It stores iron and releases it when the time is right.

36
Q

What is the effect on the cell if ferritin is damaged or missing?

A

Can cause iron deficiency anemia because ferritin cannot regulate iron.

37
Q

What type of protein is ferritin?

A

Storage protein.

38
Q

What type of protein is hemoglobin?

A

Transport protein.

39
Q

Where can albumin be found?

A

Mostly found in red blood cells in the bloodstream or in other fluids of our bodies. Eggs, seeds of plants.

40
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Is made by our livers to keep fluid in our bloodstream, so that it doesn’t leak into other organs. Transports substances throughout the body.

41
Q

What is the effect on the cell if albumin is damaged or missing?

A

The cell would lack nutrients and would cause malnutrition to the organism. Can cause hypoalbuminemia.

42
Q

What type of protein is albumin?

A

Storage protein.

43
Q

What is a signaling protein?

A

They are a type of protein that sends signals to certain receptors in our bodies.

44
Q

What type of protein is insulin?

A

A signaling protein.

45
Q

Where is insulin located?

A

The pancreas.

46
Q

What is the function of insulin? How do they work?

A

Regulates blood sugar levels. Insulin is released into the bloodstream by the pancreas. The insulin binds to receptor proteins and signals them to take in glucose.

47
Q

What is the effect on the cell if insulin is damaged or missing?

A

Without insulin, glucose would accumulate in the blood and the cells wouldn’t have any energy.

48
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

They are proteins that provide protection and support for the cell. They maintain the cell’s shape.

49
Q

Where can signaling proteins be found?

A

In the nucleus.

50
Q

Where can structural proteins be found?

A

In the space surrounding the cell.

51
Q

What is the purpose of actin?

A

Actin is made of thin filaments. It helps the muscles contract and expand.

52
Q

Where can actin be found?

A

In muscle cells.

53
Q

What is the effect on the cell if actin is damaged?

A

Without actin, muscles wouldn’t be able to contract. Can lead to abnormal thin filament formation and muscular dystrophy.

54
Q

What type of protein is actin?

A

It’s a structural protein.

55
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

56
Q

What are substrates?

A

Substrates are another type of protein that connects with enzymes to start a reaction. When the reaction is finished, the enzyme releases the product.

57
Q

Where are enzymes found? Where are they created?

A

They are found all around our bodies. Functions in the replication of our DNA.

58
Q

What is the effect on the cell if enzymes are damaged?

A

Can cause a mistake in DNA replication. If DNA replicates differently, this is called a mutation which can lead to harmful mutations in other cells.

59
Q

What are receptor proteins and their function?

A

Receptor proteins are proteins that receive and transmit signals.

60
Q

Where are receptor proteins found?

A

Outside of the cell membrane.

61
Q

What is the function of insulin receptors?

A

They bind to insulin and know when to intake glucose.

62
Q

What would happen if insulin receptors are damaged?

A

They wouldn’t take in glucose from the bloodstream, leading to diabetes.

63
Q

What would happen if receptor proteins are damaged or missing?

A

The body cannot receive necessary signals which can cause the cell to malfunction, or cause the cell to be abnormal.

64
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Pepsin is an enzyme that helps with digestion.

65
Q

Where is pepsin found?

A

It is found in our digestive system (stomach).

66
Q

What are cytokines?

A

They are proteins produced to respond to a threat.

67
Q

What produces cytokines?

A

Helper T cells and macrophages.

68
Q

What are antibodies?

A

They are proteins in the immune system that bind to specific antigens and disables or destroys toxins.

69
Q

Where are antibodies created?

A

In plasma cells.

70
Q

What would happen if antibodies are damaged or missing?

A

You would get sick more often. Your immune response would be slowed down.

71
Q

What are motor proteins?

A

Motor proteins allow for expansion and contraction. They move cells or structures within a cell.

72
Q

Where are motor proteins found?

A

Found inside the muscle tissue and many cells.

73
Q

What type of protein is Dynein?

A

A motor protein.

74
Q

What is the function of Dynein?

A

It moves along the cytoskeleton of cells and is responsible for the movement of vesicles and organelles within all animal cells.

75
Q

What is the function of myosin?

A

When a muscle contracts, the myosin heads bend inward, “pulling” the actin with it. The “head” of the myosin then lets go, and attaches onto a new point on the actin, repeating the process which contracts the muscle fibers.

76
Q

What happens if Dynein is damaged?

A

Without the help of dynein, all animal cells would have an improper layout, and many substances produced in the cell could not be transported.

Biology (12 decks)

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