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Biology > Properties of Water, Energy/Matter, and Nutrient Cycles > Flashcards

Properties of Water, Energy/Matter, and Nutrient Cycles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe Polarity.

A

An uneven distribution of electrons resulting in a molecule with both a positively and negatively charged region. Oxygen has a greater pull on the negative electrons orbiting the nucleus making water a polar molecule.

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2
Q

What is Molecular Structure?

A

Groups of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds.

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3
Q

What is Cohesion?

A

The attraction between molecules of the same kind. Water sticking to water.

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4
Q

What is Adhesion?

A

The attraction between molecules of a different kind or sticking to different surfaces.

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5
Q

What is Capillary Action?

A

Water’s ability to bend and move through small spaces, against gravity.

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6
Q

What is Surface Tension?

A

Hydrogen bonds form at the surface of the water, forming an “elastic film”.

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7
Q

What is Density?

A

Hydrogen bonds first condense when water is cold but then hydrogen bonds expand when water freezes or gets hot.

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8
Q

What is Universal Solvent?

A

Water is a universal solvent that can dissolve many polar substances like sugar.

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9
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance that is going to be dissolved.

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10
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that is going to be doing the dissolving.

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11
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mix of one or more substances evenly distributed.

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12
Q

What is high specific heat capacity?

A

The number of heat units it takes to raise the temperature of a body by one degree. Heat causes hydrogen bonds to get more energy and increase the movement of the molecules.

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13
Q

What is pH?

A

Solutions are either acidic (below 7), neutral (equal to 7), or base (above 7). Hydrogen makes a solution more acidic, and hydroxide makes a solution more basic.

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14
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything taking up space and has mass. Solid, liquids, and gas.

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15
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms chemically joined together.

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16
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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17
Q

What are protons, electrons, and neutrons?

A

Positively charged, neutrally charged, and negatively charged particles.

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18
Q

What is a compound molecule?

A

Two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements bonded together. (All compounds are molecules, not all molecules are compounds).

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19
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

How elements are hooked together.

20
Q

What are Ions?

A

Ions are electrically charged, with one less/more electron.

21
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another to create stability.

22
Q

What is a pure element?

A

Two or more atoms of the SAME elements bonded together.

23
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance composed of only one type of atom.

24
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Forms when two atoms share electrons.

25
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

An equal share of electrons.

26
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

An unequal share of electrons, one atom pulls harder on electrons than others.

27
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Attractions between oppositely charged particles within a single molecule, or between molecules.

28
Q

What is a Valence electron?

A

Electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

29
Q

What are the processes of the water cycle?

A

Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and percolation.

30
Q

How is carbon returned to the atmosphere?

A

Combustion and respiration.

31
Q

What are the four major areas of water storage on Earth?

A

Oceans, Surface Water, Groundwater, and atmosphere

32
Q

Where is groundwater stored

A

Groundwater is stored in aquifers.

33
Q

How does carbon enter the atmosphere (2 methods)?

A

Respiration is done by humans and plants and combustion (burning).

34
Q

Which organisms break down components in order for them to be used again?

A

Decomposers such as worms, bacteria, and fungi.

35
Q

List four materials that contain this stored carbon.

A

Coal, Oil, Peat, Natural Gas

36
Q

How do humans use the materials in the carbon sink?

A

We use them as energy sources.

37
Q

What makes something organic?

A

When something is organic, it has to have hydrogen and carbon atoms. Inorganic doesn’t have carbon and hydrogen.

38
Q

Name three types of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle.

A

N-fixing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria.

39
Q

In what way is N2 gas removed from the atmosphere?

A

Absorption by roots of non-legume plants.

40
Q

By what process are animal wastes and dead organisms converted to other nitrogen-containing compounds?

A

Decomposition. Once decomposed, animal wastes and dead organisms become ammonia.

41
Q

What is the only form of nitrogen that non-legume plants can take in and use?

A

Nitrates in soil, absorb it through the soil.

42
Q

What do the denitrifying bacteria do during the denitrifying process?

A

They convert nitrates in the soil to atmospheric nitrogen.

43
Q

If the number of nitrifying bacteria decreased, what effect would this have on the nitrogen cycle, and what type of compounds would accumulate as a result?

A

There could be less nitrogen in our atmosphere because there would be fewer nitrifying bacteria to convert ammonia into nitrates. These nitrates would be converted to atmospheric nitrogen through denitrification bacteria. Ammonia compounds would increase as a result.

44
Q

Explain the nitrogen cycle.

A

Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by nitrogen-fixing bacteria into ammonia. Then, through nitrification, ammonia is converted to nitrates which can be absorbed (assimilated) through the roots of non-legume plants. Through denitrifying bacteria, nitrates can be converted back to atmospheric nitrogen.

45
Q

What is Ammonification?

A

When decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia.

46
Q

How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?

A

Photosynthesis and precipitation.

Biology (12 decks)

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