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Biology > Inherited Diseases > Flashcards

Inherited Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a stretch of DNA that determines a certain trait.

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2
Q

What is a trait?

A

A trait is a noticeable characteristic (height, eye color, earlobe attachment).

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3
Q

What is an allele?

A

An Allele is an alternative form of a gene.

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4
Q

What are the dominant traits job?

A

Masks the other trait; the trait that shows if present. Represented by a capital letter.

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5
Q

What are the recessive traits job?

A

Recessive alleles for a particular trait will only show that trait when the dominant allele is not present. Represented by a lowercase letter.

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6
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genotype is the set of genes in our DNA that is responsible for a particular trait.

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7
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The phenotype is the physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait.

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8
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

A heterozygous individual is someone who has two different alleles.

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9
Q

What is homozygous?

A

A homozygous individual has two identical alleles.

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10
Q

What is heredity?

A

Heredity is when genetic traits are passed from one generation to the next.

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11
Q

What did Gregor Mendel discover through his plant peas?

A

Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.

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12
Q

What is the Law of Dominance?

A
  1. When one allele is dominant, it will always mask the recessive allele.
  2. The recessive phenotype is only seen when two recessive alleles are present. (bb)
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13
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

The alleles for a trait separate during meiosis and then randomly unite at fertilization.

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14
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Dominant traits don’t have to travel together when traits are passed from parent to offspring.

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15
Q

How does corn reproduce?

A

Reproduce Sexually

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16
Q

What is a corn’s fertilized egg called?

A

A kernel

17
Q

What do female eggs produce?

A

Silk

18
Q

According to the law of independent assortment _____.

A

genes are inherited independently when gene location is on separate chromosomes (unlinked)

19
Q

How are unlinked genes created?

A

Due to the random orientation of homologous pairs during Meiosis I.

20
Q

What is the purpose of a dihybrid cross?

A

Dihybrid crosses help work out potential gamete combinations. The method to use is the FOIL method.

21
Q

What are Punnet squares?

A

Punnett Squares help us determine possible phenotypes of offspring produced from the parent’s genotype combination.

22
Q

What is Codominance?

A

Codominance is when both phenotypes from the parents are shown. Occurs when alleles of the same gene are present and shown in an organism.

23
Q

What is Incomplete Dominance?

A

When there is a blend of dominant and recessive phenotypes shown in an offspring, this is called incomplete dominance.

24
Q

Examples of Codominance?

A

Roan Cows, blood type

25
Q

Examples of Incomplete Dominance?

A

Types of colors on flowers.

26
Q

Why are most sex-linked traits inherited from the X-Chromosome?

A

Most sex-linked traits are inherited on the X-chromosomes simply because it is a lot bigger than the Y-chromosome (X-linked).

27
Q

What is red-green color blindness?

A

A person cannot distinguish shades of red and green (usually blue-green).

28
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia is a disorder where the blood cannot clot properly due to a deficiency of clotting factors. This results in abnormally heavy bleeding that will not stop, even from a small cut.

29
Q

What is autosomal dominant?

A
  1. Appears in both sexes.
  2. Traits don’t skip generations and unaffected parents don’t transmit the genes.
  3. Therefore, affected offspring must have an affected parent.
30
Q

What is autosomal reccesive?

A
  1. Appears in both sexes.
  2. Traits skip generations.
  3. Affected offspring are born to unaffected parents.
31
Q

Is hemophilia a dominant or recessive disorder?

A

X-linked recessive disorder.

32
Q

Is red-green color blindness a dominant or recessive disorder?

A

X-linked recessive disorder.

33
Q

What is X-Linked Dominant?

A
  1. Often, females are more affected than males.
  2. Trait doesn’t skip generations.
  3. Affected sons must have affected mothers, affected fathers pass traits on to all of their daughters.
34
Q

What is X-linked recessive?

A
  1. Affected individuals are male.
  2. Traits often skip generations.
  3. Trait is never passed from father to son.
35
Q

What is Rett Syndrome?

A

Affects the way the brain develops, infants will lose coordination, speech, and use of hands.

36
Q

What is Fragile X Syndrome?

A

Causes developmental and cognitive problems. Delayed development of speech. Children may have anxiety and a high level of fidgeting.

37
Q

What is Y-linked inheritance?

A

When the Y-chromosome in males (father to son) is altered in some way resulting in a disorder.

38
Q

What are Rett syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, and Y-linked inheritance all have in common?

A

They are all examples of X-Linked Dominant Disorders.

Biology (12 decks)

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