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Psychological Dynamics of Sport > Specialisation and Readiness > Flashcards

Specialisation and Readiness Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the prerequisites to be ready for competition?

A
  • Motivational Readiness
  • Cognitive Readiness
  • Physical Readiness
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2
Q

Who proposed the 3 prerequisites for competition readiness?

A

Passer and Wilson 2002

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3
Q

What is motivational readiness?

A

When a child:

  • actively seeks opportunities to engage in social comparison
  • Wishes to evaluate his/her ability relative to peers
  • benefits more from competition than unstructured play
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4
Q

What are the milestones for development of self evaluation according to Passer and Wilson 2002?

A
  • Self Referenced (0-2.5yrs)
  • Compete for opportunity (2.5-4yrs)
  • Social Comparison (4-6yrs)
  • Active Competition (6-9yrs)
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5
Q

What did Pascuzzi (1981) investigate to better understand competition readiness?

A

-Investigated how placing in a race affected children’s mood, self-concept and expectancy beliefs

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6
Q

What were the findings of Pascuzzi (1981)?

A
  • Placing influenced post-race affect in pre-school boys but not girls
  • in 2nd grade, placing impacted chrildrens;
  • -affect
  • -self-perception
  • -expectancy for future success
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7
Q

What did Butler (1996) investigate to better understand competition readiness?

A
  • Paired artwork task
  • kids were placed next to eachother to paint
  • Two groups; one group focused on being creative. The other group competed to make the ‘best’ paintaing
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8
Q

What were the findings of Butler 1996?

A
  • 5-6 year olds glanced more often to ‘get ideas’
  • 9-10 year olds gave more competitive reasons for glancing
  • Children in urban schools and in the ‘competition’ group gave more competitive reasons
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9
Q

What did Donzella et al (2000) investigate to better understand the consequences of early competition?

A
  • A Memory game with 3-5 year olds
  • Staged series of 8 games (WWWLLLWW)
  • Had to win 5 out of 8 games to win a prize
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10
Q

What were the findings of Donzella et al 2000?

A

-When losing, children experienced increased HR, tension, impulsivity, anger and sadness, less positive affect and more cheating

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11
Q

What is Cognitive Readiness?

A

-When a child has developed sufficient informational processing abilities, attributional abilities, and role-perspective

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12
Q

Explain the process of informational processing development in children

A
  • Before 4yrs, children are easily distracted
  • 10-12yrs attention span is better
  • Memory capacity improves in late childhood; allows for sophisticated strategy and less cue dependent
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13
Q

Explain the process of attributional ability development in children

A
  • 4-7yrs attribute outcome to difficulty, not ability or effort. Less able to rationalise success or failure and predict future outcomes.
  • 9-12yrs can differentiate ability and effort; more adaptive at coping with failure
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14
Q

Explain the process of role-perspective development in children

A
  • pre 6yrs, totally egocentric
  • 6-8yrs, developing understanding of other people’s view develops
  • 8-10yrs, others views are understood and accepted
  • 10-12yrs group perspective develops
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15
Q

What is parental readiness?

A

When a parent

  • Respects the child’s right to compete or not
  • Allows child to sample sports
  • avoids ‘reverse dependency trap’
  • Share the child with the coach
  • avoids bein overprotective
  • Accepts child’s disappointments
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16
Q

Who wrote about parental readiness?

A

Smoll and Cumming 2006

17
Q

when do fundamental motor skills like throwing, kicking, jumping, running, etc. develop typically?

A

Typically matured at 8 to 9 years old

18
Q

Why is it hard to pinpoint an age that physical readiness for competition occurs?

A

-Children develop at different rates. Physical AND motor development rate is highly variable

19
Q

What happens when less physically competent children take part in competition?

A
  • Less success and enjoyment
  • Less attention
  • Greater anxiety and self handicapping
  • Minimum effort/sabotage activity
  • Illness/injury
  • More likely to dropout
20
Q

Give an example where success was achieved without early specialisation

A

Jim Lui; youngest junior amateur US champion in golf in 63 years. Sampled many sports as a kid and didn’t play golf until 7 yrs old

21
Q

Define Specialisation

A
  • Early involvement in sport
  • Limit participation to single sport; year round
  • Emphasis on deliberate practice over play
  • Athletic excellence is the primary objective
22
Q

Who defined specialisation?

A

Cote et al 2007

23
Q

Who wrote about the driving factors for specialisation?

A

Baker 2003

24
Q

What support exists for early specialisation?

A
  • 10 year rule supported in chess, math, music, tennis, swimming, running (Ericsson et al 1993)
  • Increased emphasis on deliberate practice enhances skill acquisition in olympic gymnasts (Law et al 2007)
25
Q

What evidence exists in opposition to early specialisation?

A
  • Elite nordic skiers spent more time skiing other styles in youth than nordic (Ronbeck et al 2004)
  • Russian swimmers who specialised early had shorter stays on national team and quit earlier (Barynina et al 1989)
  • More elite danish athletes specialised later than earlier (Moesch et al 2011)
  • Elite ice hockey players spent more time in play than deliberate practice (Soberlak and Cote 2003)
26
Q

What did the German Olympic Development Study by Guellich et al 2006 find about early specialisation?

A

Early success and training frequency did not predict future success
More successful athletes were less likely to specialise early, and sampled more sports for longer

27
Q

What are the pros of specialisation?

A
  • Opportunity to excel
  • College scholarships
  • Fringe Benefits
28
Q

What are the cons of specialisation?

A
  • Physical injury; burnout
  • Loss of transferable skils
  • Loss of childhood
  • Overdependence
  • Family life and education lost
  • Social isolation
29
Q

What are the AAP (2000) guidelines for avoiding the risks of early specialisation?

A
  • Encourage sport sampling prior to adolescence
  • Seek educated coaches
  • Identify signs of risk
  • Monitor child development
  • Assess nutritional intake
30
Q

What is the ISSP position on early diversification according to Cote et al 2009?

A
  • Does not hinder elite sport participation
  • Linked to longer sport careers
  • Fosters positive youth development
  • With an emphasis on play; fosters intrinsic motivation
  • Builds broad and transferable cognitive and motor skills
  • Should be encouraged up to 13-15yrs

Psychological Dynamics of Sport (7 decks)

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