Communication Flashcards
What is the communication process according to Martens 2004?
- Decision to Send message
- Encoding of the message by sender
- Channel through which the message is transmitted
- Decoding of the message by the receiver
- Internal response by the receiver to the message
How do people interpret and understand messages?
- Scientific background and knowledge
- Biases
- Past experiences
- Perspectives
- Emotions
What are the two main types of communication?
Interpersonal (Verbal, non verbal)
Intrapersonal (Positive and Negative Self Talk)
What are some key characteristics of good verbal communication according to Yukelson, 1998, 2003?
- Convey rationales
- Express empathy, not sympathy
- Use comfortable communication style
- Use the positive approach
- Always acknowledge greeetings of others
What did Burke 2005 say about non-verbal communication?
Approximately 50-70% of information conveyed in communication is non-verbal
What are the components of non-verbal communication?
- Physical appearance
- Posture
- Gestures
- Bodily Orientiation/Proximity
- Touching
- Facial Expression
What are the 7 functions of non-verbal communication?
- Support of what was said
- Replacing speech
- Opposing what was said
- Affectionate support of what was said
- Information about the relationship between two people
- Emphasising a point
- Structuring and regulating conversation
What did Sathre et al 1973 say about listening?
People spend 40% of their time listening
What constitutes active listening/guidelines for receiving messages effectively?
- Attending to main and supporting ideas
- Acknowledging and responding
- Giving appropriate feedback
- Paying attention to speaker’s total communication (verbal + non)
- Paraphrases and asks specific questions
According to Mehrabian 1968, what percentage of information do we get from words, tone, and behaviour respectively?
- Words: 7%
- Way it was said: 38%
- Behaviour of speaker: 55%
What are some guidelines for effective message sending?
- Be Direct
- Own your message
- Be clear and consistent
- State your needs and feelings clearly
- Separate fact from opinion
- verbal consistent with non verbal message
what are characteristics of supportive behaviour?
- Describe other’s behaviour
- Focus on immediate thoughts and feelings
- Don’t calculate or be manipulative
- Ask open ended questions
- Be empathic
- Remain open to new ideas and change
What did the study by Gallimore and Tharp 2004 find about the way John Wooden communicated with his team while coaching?
Equal proportion of praise and criticism
What is the ‘Wooden Sandwich’ technique?
Start with a criticism, follow it with an instruction, end with a urge/push/hustle
Define Empathy (Losoya and Eisenberg, 2003)
Ability to perceive, recognise and understand the feelings, behaviours and attitudes of others
What role do pre-game/half time speeches have?
- Emotional Management
- Cohesion/affinity
- Boosting confidence/efficacy
- Giving instruction
What are the features of an effective pre-game/half time speech?
- Coach displays genuine emotion
- Speaks in a short and meaningful way
- Refers to a set of team values
What are the features of an ineffective pre-game/half time speech?
- Long, poorly timed speech
- Disagreement with coach
- Coach omits expected information
- Coach provides a new unexpected approach
What are the variables on the scale for effective communication in team sports?
- Acceptance/Trust
- Distinctiveness (e.g. nicknames)
- Positive conflict (compromise)
- Negative Conflict (aggression)
What factors may impact communication failure/breakdown?
- Talking too much
- Talking too little
- Sender or Receiver Failure?
- Wrong Time and Place
What 6 beliefs facilitate effectively approaching conflict?
- All needs are seen as legitimate
- Enough resources to meet all needs
- Untapped power and capacity
- Process is as important as content
- Improving situations is different from solving problems
- Everyone is right from own perspective
What is the ‘criticism sandwich’/How do you deliver constructive criticism?
-Start with a compliment, followed by the main criticism, ending in a compliment
What is communicational ‘tailoring’? (Kreuter et al., 1999)
Any combination of information or change strategies intended to reach one specific person
What is communication ‘targeting’?
Development of a single intervention approach to a defined population subgroup
