Communication

Question 1

What is the communication process according to Martens 2004?

Answer 1

• Decision to Send message
• Encoding of the message by sender
• Channel through which the message is transmitted
• Decoding of the message by the receiver
• Internal response by the receiver to the message

Question 2

How do people interpret and understand messages?

Answer 2

• Scientific background and knowledge
• Biases
• Past experiences
• Perspectives
• Emotions

Question 3

What are the two main types of communication?

Answer 3

Interpersonal (Verbal, non verbal)

Intrapersonal (Positive and Negative Self Talk)

Question 4

What are some key characteristics of good verbal communication according to Yukelson, 1998, 2003?

Answer 4

• Convey rationales
• Express empathy, not sympathy
• Use comfortable communication style
• Use the positive approach
• Always acknowledge greeetings of others

Question 5

What did Burke 2005 say about non-verbal communication?

Answer 5

Approximately 50-70% of information conveyed in communication is non-verbal

Question 6

What are the components of non-verbal communication?

Answer 6

• Physical appearance
• Posture
• Gestures
• Bodily Orientiation/Proximity
• Touching
• Facial Expression

Question 7

What are the 7 functions of non-verbal communication?

Answer 7

• Support of what was said
• Replacing speech
• Opposing what was said
• Affectionate support of what was said
• Information about the relationship between two people
• Emphasising a point
• Structuring and regulating conversation

Question 8

What did Sathre et al 1973 say about listening?

Answer 8

People spend 40% of their time listening

Question 9

What constitutes active listening/guidelines for receiving messages effectively?

Answer 9

• Attending to main and supporting ideas
• Acknowledging and responding
• Giving appropriate feedback
• Paying attention to speaker’s total communication (verbal + non)
• Paraphrases and asks specific questions

Question 10

According to Mehrabian 1968, what percentage of information do we get from words, tone, and behaviour respectively?

Answer 10

• Words: 7%
• Way it was said: 38%
• Behaviour of speaker: 55%

Question 11

What are some guidelines for effective message sending?

Answer 11

• Be Direct
• Own your message
• Be clear and consistent
• State your needs and feelings clearly
• Separate fact from opinion
• verbal consistent with non verbal message

Question 12

what are characteristics of supportive behaviour?

Answer 12

• Describe other’s behaviour
• Focus on immediate thoughts and feelings
• Don’t calculate or be manipulative
• Ask open ended questions
• Be empathic
• Remain open to new ideas and change

Question 13

What did the study by Gallimore and Tharp 2004 find about the way John Wooden communicated with his team while coaching?

Answer 13

Equal proportion of praise and criticism

Question 14

What is the ‘Wooden Sandwich’ technique?

Answer 14

Start with a criticism, follow it with an instruction, end with a urge/push/hustle

Question 15

Define Empathy (Losoya and Eisenberg, 2003)

Answer 15

Ability to perceive, recognise and understand the feelings, behaviours and attitudes of others

Question 16

What role do pre-game/half time speeches have?

Answer 16

• Emotional Management
• Cohesion/affinity
• Boosting confidence/efficacy
• Giving instruction

Question 17

What are the features of an effective pre-game/half time speech?

Answer 17

• Coach displays genuine emotion
• Speaks in a short and meaningful way
• Refers to a set of team values

Question 18

What are the features of an ineffective pre-game/half time speech?

Answer 18

• Long, poorly timed speech
• Disagreement with coach
• Coach omits expected information
• Coach provides a new unexpected approach

Question 19

What are the variables on the scale for effective communication in team sports?

Answer 19

• Acceptance/Trust
• Distinctiveness (e.g. nicknames)
• Positive conflict (compromise)
• Negative Conflict (aggression)

Question 20

What factors may impact communication failure/breakdown?

Answer 20

• Talking too much
• Talking too little
• Sender or Receiver Failure?
• Wrong Time and Place

Question 21

What 6 beliefs facilitate effectively approaching conflict?

Answer 21

• All needs are seen as legitimate
• Enough resources to meet all needs
• Untapped power and capacity
• Process is as important as content
• Improving situations is different from solving problems
• Everyone is right from own perspective

Question 22

What is the ‘criticism sandwich’/How do you deliver constructive criticism?

Answer 22

-Start with a compliment, followed by the main criticism, ending in a compliment

Question 23

What is communicational ‘tailoring’? (Kreuter et al., 1999)

Answer 23

Any combination of information or change strategies intended to reach one specific person

Question 24

What is communication ‘targeting’?

Answer 24

Development of a single intervention approach to a defined population subgroup

Question 25

What two classifications can people be divided into when referring to their motivations towards physical activity?

Answer 25

• Promotion oriented

- Prevention oriented

Question 26

What is promotion orientation?

Answer 26

Motivated by advancement and development (physical activity may improve you health)

Question 27

What is prevention orientation?

Answer 27

Motivated by security needs (inactivity may lead to poor health)

Question 28

What is the purpose of promoting physical activity through mass media?

Answer 28

-Influencing community norms of large populations about health at low cost

Question 29

What are the problems of using the mass media to enhance physical activity?

Answer 29

Influences awareness but not necessarily behaviour change