Doping and Morality

Question 1

What are the components of morality in sport?

Answer 1

• Fair play
• Character
• Good Sporting Behaviour

Question 2

What is Fair Play, according to Shields and Bredemeier 1995?

Answer 2

Fair play requires that all participants understand and adhere not only to the formal rules of the game but also to the spirit of cooperation and unwritten rules of play

Question 3

What are the components of Character according to Shields and Bredemeier 1995?

Answer 3

• Compassion
• Fairness
• Good Sporting Behaviour
• Integrity

Question 4

What is good sporting behaviour according to Shields and Bredemeier 1995?

Answer 4

-Concern and respect for the rules and officials, social conventions and the opponent, as well as one’s full commitment to one’s sport and the absence of a negative approach towards participation

Question 5

What is the social learning approach by Bandua, 1977?

Answer 5

Good sporting behaviour and attitudes are learned through models, reinforcement and social comparison

Question 6

What are the components of social learning?

Answer 6

• Modelling or observational learning
• Reinforcement
• Social Comparison

Question 7

What is Modelling or Observational Learning?

Answer 7

Learning by watching what others do or don’t do

Question 8

What is Reinforcement, as a component of social learning?

Answer 8

Being reinforced or penalised for one’s actions

Question 9

What is Social comparison?

Answer 9

Exhibiting behaviours in an effort to fit in with one’s peer group

Question 10

What is the structural-developmental approach to morality?

Answer 10

-Moral reasoning and behaviour depend on how psychological growth and development change in a child and interact with the environment

Question 11

What is Moral Development?

Answer 11

The process of experience and growth through which a person develops the capacity to morally reason

Question 12

What are the stages between moral reasoning and moral behaviour?

Answer 12

• Interpreting the situation
• Deciding on the best action
• Making the choice to act morally
• Implementing a moral action

Question 13

What is an important thing to bear in mind with reference to the link between moral reasoning and behaviour?

Answer 13

Having moral reasoning ability does not necessitate always making the right choice.

Question 14

What is the social-psychological approach to morality?

Answer 14

-One must consider the psychological elements in the structural-developmental approach plus social factors that go beyond the reinforcement, modeling and social comparison elements of the social learning approach

Question 15

How does morality link into achievement goal theory?

Answer 15

Ego goals link to lower moral behaviour. Task goals link to higher moral behaviour

Question 16

How does morality link to self-determination theory?

Answer 16

-More intrinsically motivated individualsl linked to higher morality. More extrinsically; lower morality.

Question 17

Define moral disengagement according to Boardley and Kavessanu 2007

Answer 17

Cognitive methds that absolve accountability for immoral acts

Question 18

What are the different kinds of cognitive methods that lead to moral disengagement?

Answer 18

• Euphemistic Labelling
• Moral Justification
• Advantageous Comparison
• Diffusion of responsibility
• Displacement of responsibility
• Distortion of consequences
• Dehumanisation
• Attribution of blame

Question 19

Give an example of euphemistic labelling in the context of moral disengagement

Answer 19

e.g. Not ‘cheating’, but ‘bending the rules’

Question 20

Give an example of moral justification in the context of moral disengagement

Answer 20

e.g. the ends justify the means if we win so it’s ok to cheat

Question 21

Give an example of ‘advantageous comparison’ in the context of moral disengagement

Answer 21

e.g. I cheated but its not like I attacked anyone!

Question 22

Give an example of diffusion of responsibility in the context of moral disengagement

Answer 22

e.g. it’s not my fault, cheating is part of the culture of my club

Question 23

Give an example of displacement of responsibility in the context of moral disengagement

Answer 23

e.g. coach told me to cheat so it’s not my fault

Question 24

Give an example of distortion of consequences in the context of moral disengagement

Answer 24

e.g. he’s not even that hurt it’s just a scratch

Question 25

Give an example of dehumanisation in the context of moral disengagement

Answer 25

e.g. ‘the guy’s an animal, he deserved it!’

Question 26

Give an example of attribution of blame in the context of attribution of blame

Answer 26

e.g. ‘I’m the victim, he brought it on himself!’

Question 27

What is the relationship between moral disengagement and pr-social behaviour?

Answer 27

They are negatively associated

Question 28

What is perfectionism?

Answer 28

Striving for excessively high goals in combination with high self criticism

Question 29

Who are the key social influences of an athlete?

Answer 29

• Coach
• Peers
• Parents

Question 30

What is ‘moral atmosphere’?

Answer 30

A set of collective norms regarding moral action on the part of group members

Question 31

What is the ‘false consensus effect’? (Dunn, Thomas, et al 2012)

Answer 31

Athletes that dope tend to overestimate the use of doping in their sport

Question 32

What can be done to prevent doping and improve moral behaviour in sport?

Answer 32

• Balance mastery and task goals
• Encourage athletes to self-regulate
• Encourage attitudes that exemplify fair play ideals and enhance a good moral atmosphere
• Educate athletes in actual prevalence of doping to prevent false consensus
• Coach and Parent intervention as well as athlete

Question 33

What are the psychological factors for moral behaviour?

Answer 33

• Achievement Goals
• Motivation
• Moral Disengagement
• Perfectionism

Question 34

What are the social factors for moral behaviour?

Answer 34

• Moral Atmosphere/Collective Norms
• Motivational Climate
• False Consensus