Special Species Flashcards
What motor nerve block is used in horse exam
Auriculopalpebral
What is the main disease in horses
Corneal ulcer
Drugs used for nerve blocks
Lidocaine, carbocaine, bupivicane
What sensory cranial nerve is blocked for horse eye exam
CN 5
What does the supraorbital block do
Medial 2/3 of upper lid
What are the 3 types of sensory block
Supraorbital (most common)
Lacrimal
Line
Why are fungal ulcers frustrating
Can do what every they want
Variety of appearances
Characteristics of fungal ulcers
Cellular infiltrate Enzymatic activity Groove development Plaque formation Grey/white/yellow/dark brown Rough/gritty surface
Fungal infection within corneal stroma, overlaying epithelium intact
Stromal abscesses
Characteristics of stromal abscesses
Common in horses
Difficult to treat
Severe w/ uveitis
May need surgical excision
Immune mediated uveitis
Primary uveitis
Chronic
Leading cause of blindness
Equine Recurrent uveitis
Moon blindness) (ERU
Many cases of this are recurrent
ERU
What happens to inflammation at the cellular level of ERU
Persists
Classic cases of ERU
Repeated sever inflammation
Variable intervals with nothing between cases
Unilateral
Insidious ERU
No overt case
Slow deterioration
Appaloosas
Bilateral
Secondary complications are more common in which ERU
Insidious
Most common breed that develops insidious uveitis
Appaloosas
Causes of ERU
Leptospirosis Viral Parasites Genetics Immune mediated
Why would you use a Subpalpebral lavage
Overcome patient resistance
Easy administration
Increase frequency, safety, efficacy
why would you use atropine
Increase ocular comfort
Decrease colic
Decrease tear production
Increased IOP
The major cause of ocular surface disease in cats
Feline herpesvirus
Ophthalmic disorders with FHV-1
Neonatal ophthalmia Conjunctivitis Corneal dendritic ulcers Stromal keratitis Other keratitis Corneal sequestration KCS
Percentage of cats latelnly infected with FHV-1 after initial infection
> 80%
FHV in kittens primary or secondary
Primary
Characteristics of FHV in kittens
Acute
Conjunctival-respiratory infection
Bilateral Serous
Resolves in 10-14 days
FHV in cats
No respiratory Uni or bilateral Intermittent blepharospasm Hype remix conjunctiva Chronic and recurrent
Superficial ulcer that follows nerve
Active or acute disease
“Classic”
Ulcerative keratitis
-dendritic ulcers
Non-ulcerative
Chronic
Fibrosis, edema, blood vessels
Immmune mediated
Stromal Keratitis
Where does FHV hide out
Trigeminal ganglia
What causes recurrent ophthalmic FHV
Steroids
Stress
Immunosuppresion
Trigminal ganglion shedding
Cytolytic treatment of FHV
Topical antibiotics
antiviral
NO steroids
Immunopathologic FHV treatment
Topical anti inflammatory
Topical antiviral
Proliferative keratoconjuntivitus in cats alternative name
Known as eosinophilic keratitis
Characteristics of proliferative keratococnjunctivitus
Proliferative white/pink mass
Focal corneal edema nad vascularization
Uni-bilateral
Where are masses located in proliferative keratoconjunctivits
Limbus
Conjunctiva
Nictitans
Treatment of proliferative keratoconjunctivitis
Topical dex
Topical cyclosporine
Surgery
Corneal sequestration in cats
Corneal black spot
Corneal nigrum
Focal corneal degeneration
Corneal mummification
What breeds are effected by corneal sequestration
all of them
Causes of corneal sequestration
Hereditary
FHV
Chronic irritation and exposure
Diffuse iris melanoma
Flat pigmented freckles infiltrate of iris stroma
Spreads and thickens iris
Metastasize to lungs and liver
Characteristics of avian eyes
Have eyelids No eyelashes TE is dorsomedial Voluntary control of pupil No tapetum Avascular retina with pecten
What causes most amphibian eye issues
Husbandry problems
High cricket, high fat diet in frogs will cause
Lipid keratopathy
Eyelids fused and transparent in snake
Spectacle
