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Topics in Neurophysiology > Special Senses (Test 2) > Flashcards

Special Senses (Test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What range can we see on the visible light spectrum?

A
  • 390-700 nm
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2
Q

What is our maximum sensitity to light?

A
  • About 100 photons
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3
Q

What is the pathway of light?

A
  • Cornea –> iris –> anterior chamber –> lens –> posterior chamber –> retina –> fovea
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4
Q

Nicotinic receptors cause pupils to?

A
  • Constrict (Parasympathetic)
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5
Q

Gq receptors cause pupils to?

A
  • Dilate (Sympathetic)
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6
Q

What is the structure of the Retina?

A
  • Photoreceptors
  • Interneurons
  • Output neurons
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7
Q

Inter-neurons are known as?

A
  • Bipolar cells
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8
Q

Where do bipolar cells receive their signal from?

A
  • Receive input from horizontal cells and communicate with dendrites of Ganglion cells not by action potentials but by graded potentials.
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9
Q

How many types of cone bipolar cells are there?

A
  • 10
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10
Q

How many types of rod bipolar cells are there?

A
  • 1
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of photoreceptor?

A
  • Rods
  • Cones
  • Intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells
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12
Q

What are Intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells?

A
  • They detect light at 482 nm via melanopsin and send that info to the SCN and govern circadian rhythms
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13
Q

What do horizontal cells do?

A
  • Regulate bipolar signals near photoreceptors
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14
Q

What do amacrine cells do?

A
  • Regulate bipolar signals near ganglion cells
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15
Q

How many photons to excite rods?

A
  • 1 photon
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16
Q

How many photons to excite cones?

A
  • 100 photons
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17
Q

How many photons to excite cones?

A
  • 100 photons
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18
Q

What are the 3 types of cones?

A
  • Shortwave cones (445 nm)
  • Meddlewave cones (535 nm)
  • Longwave cones (575 nm)
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19
Q

How does light activate photoreceptors?

A
  • Light causes the activation of a phosphodiesterase which converts cGMP to GMP to close sodium channels and cause the cell to polarize
  • A lack of light causes a buildup of cGMP, thereby sodium channels open
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20
Q

How does optogenetics work?

A
  • A light sensitive protein from algae (responds to blue light) is taken and inserted into the DNA of specific neurons in the brain
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21
Q

How can optogenetics be used in neuroscience?

A
  • With the right combo of neurons, you can activate/deactivate (hyperpolarize) an entire brain circuit to control specific behaviors like movement
22
Q

What cells create the optic nerve?

A
  • The axons from ganglion cells and are myelinated by oligodendrocytes
23
Q

Where do signals from the optic nerve project to?

A
  • The occipital lobe
24
Q

Receptors on the tongue can double as?

A
  • Taste receptors

- Temperature receptors

25
Q

Receptors on the tongue can double as?

A
  • Taste receptors

- Temperature receptors

26
Q

How many genes are involved in odor reception?

A
  • Over 800
27
Q

What was an unexpected finding regarding olfactory receptor cells?

A
  • Every single one expresses only one gene of all the genes that code for olfactory receptor molecules
28
Q

How many odors can the nose detect?

A
  • 1 trillion odors
29
Q

How do genes aid to odor receptor complexity?

A
  • Genes are alternatively spiced to aid in odor molecule detection
30
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve send information?

A
  • The olfactory cortex

- The limbic system

31
Q

What do channelrhodopsins do?

A
  • Conduct cations and depolarize neurons upon illumination
32
Q

What do halorhodopsins do?

A
  • Conduct chloride ions into the cytoplasm upon yellow light illumination
33
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A
  • 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz
34
Q

What organ can interpret pressure changes in the ear?

A
  • The cochlea
35
Q

Pressure waves enter the ___ (ear) and concentrate sound onto the ___ (eardrum)?

A
  • Pinna

- Tympanic membrane

36
Q

What are the 3 smallest bones in the body?

A
  • The malleus
  • The incus
  • The stapes
37
Q

What do the 3 smallest bones in the body press against to transfer pressure waves?

A
  • The oval window
38
Q

How do pressure waves convert into chemical signals?

A
  • Pressure waves move the cilia of the cochlea to allow mechanically gated potassium channels to open and depolarize the cell
39
Q

Which system provides information about acceleration?

A
  • The vestibular system
40
Q

What are the horizontal semicircular canals?

A
  • Provide info about vertical axis rotation
41
Q

What are the superior semicircular canals?

A
  • Detect movement about the lateral axis
42
Q

What is the posterior semicircular canal?

A
  • Detects movement about the coronal plane
43
Q

How do stimulation of hair cells in the semicircular cells differ from hair cell stimulation in the cochlea?

A
  • They are actually very similar
44
Q

How does alcohol affect interactions between the endolymph and cupula?

A
  • You spin because alcohol diffuses into the endolymph fluid and changes the density of the fluid, thereby causing the cupula to move and tell the brain that you are moving
45
Q

What are the different types of mechanosensory receptors?

A
  • Merkel receptors
  • Meissner’s corpulscles
  • Pacinian’s corpuscles
  • Ruffini cylinder
46
Q

What are merkel receptors?

A
  • Slow adapting skin receptors that record deep touch
47
Q

What are meissner corpuscles?

A
  • Fast adapting receptors that record light touch
48
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles?

A
  • Fast adapting receptors that record deep touch
49
Q

What are ruffini cylinders?

A
  • Slow adapting receptors that record stretch
50
Q

What do AMPA receptors mostly depolarize?

A
  • OFF bipolar cells
51
Q

What do Metabatropic mGluR6 mostly depolarize?

A
  • ON bipolar cells
52
Q

Does the fovea contain mostly rods or cones?

A
  • Coness

Topics in Neurophysiology (14 decks)

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