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Topics in Neurophysiology > Blood (Test 2) > Flashcards

Blood (Test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of blood?

A
  • Provide oxygen to tissues
  • Provide nutrients to tissues
  • Protection against pathogens
  • Coagulation - clotting
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2
Q

Types of blood cells (8)

A
  • Eosinophil
  • Monocyte
  • Basophil
  • Lymphocyte
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • Macrophage
  • Platelets
  • Neutrophil
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3
Q

Do RBCs have a nucleus?

A
  • No
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4
Q

What is the lifespan f a RBC

A
  • About 120 days
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5
Q

Is carbon dioxide or oxygen more soluble in plasma?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
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6
Q

How many alpha and beta subunits does hemoglobin contain?

A
  • 2, 2
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7
Q

Which complex of the ETC does oxygen produce a hydrogen gradient?

A
  • 4
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8
Q

Carbon dioxide is produced mainly during which process?

A
  • TCA (Krebs) cycle
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9
Q

What are salt bridges?

A
  • Electrostatic interactions between acidic and basic amino acids
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10
Q

How quickly do RBCs move?

A
  • 20 mph
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11
Q

What happens when the partial pressure of oxygen decreases? (Left shift)

A
  • Increased affinity and pH

- Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide and 2,3-DPG production

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12
Q

What happens when the partial pressure of oxygen increases? (Right shift)

A
  • Decreased affinity and pH

- Increased temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and 2,3-DPG production

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13
Q

What causes the formation of the T state (release of oxygen)?

A
  • Excess hydrogen concentration causes changes in salt bridges in the beta sub-units
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14
Q

What is DPG?

A
  • It interacts with deoxygenated hemoglobin beta sub-units by decreasing their affinity for oxygen
  • Allosterically promotes the release of the remaining oxygen molecules bound to the hemoglobin
  • Enhances the ability of RBCs to release oxygen near tissues that need it most
  • Activated by low pH
  • Expressed only in placental tissue and RBCs
  • Prevents the stabilization of the R state
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15
Q

The concentration of chloride is ____ in the lungs, but ____ in tissues

A
  • high, low
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16
Q

What are the types of white blood cells

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basopils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
17
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • The most abundant
  • Pale-colored granules
  • Highly mobile and help destroy bacterial proteins
  • Apart of the non-specific immune system
18
Q

What is another name for WBCs?

A
  • Leukocytes
19
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Reddish granules

- Contain DNAses, lipases, and a major basic protein (positively charged) that acts to combat parasites by lysing them

20
Q

Which WBCs are granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
21
Q

Which WBCs are agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

22
Q

Basophils

A
  • Contain granules that stain blue because of histamines

- Act like tiny land mines to detect antigens

23
Q

What do Basophils do when they detect antigens?

A
  • Release histamines to the local area to cause an immune response (inflammation)
24
Q

What is another name for basophils?

A
  • Mast cells
25
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Precursor cells for activated immune cells (macrophages)
  • Do not contain granules
  • Eat pathogens that enter the blood and peripheral tissues
26
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • T and B cells which are apart of the specific immune system
27
Q

What do B cells do?

A
  • Make antibodies

- Attack invaders outside the cell

28
Q

Which WBCs are apart of the innate immune system?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
29
Q

What do T cells do?

A
  • Support the immune system
  • Initiate the attack on targets labeled antibodies
  • Attack invaders inside the cell

Topics in Neurophysiology (14 decks)

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