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Topics in Neurophysiology > Cardiac (Test 2) > Flashcards

Cardiac (Test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during diastole?

A
  • The filling of a heat chamber with blood

- The heart relaxes

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2
Q

What happens during systole?

A
  • Blood is ejected from a heart chamber

- The heart contracts

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3
Q

What are the 5 steps in the cardiac contraction cycle?

A

1) Late diastole
2) Atrial systole
3) Isovolumic ventricular contraction
4) Ventricular ejection
5) Isovolumic ventricular relaxion

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4
Q

What is late diastole?

A
  • When both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively
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5
Q

What is atrial systole?

A
  • When atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles
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6
Q

What is isovolumic ventricular contraction?

A
  • The first phase of ventricular contraction that pushes the AV valves closed but does not open semi-lunar valves
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7
Q

What is ventricular ejection?

A
  • As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semi-lunar valves open and blood is ejected
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8
Q

What is isovolumic ventricular relaxation?

A
  • As the ventricles relax, pressure in the ventricles falls, and blood flows back into the cups of semi-lunar valves to snap them closed
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9
Q

What percentage of blood can passively flow in the ventricles?

A
  • About 70%
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10
Q

The bicuspid valve is also known as the?

A
  • Mitral valve
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11
Q

Are arteries or veins known as volume reserves?

A
  • Veins (about 70% of blood in body is here)
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12
Q

Are arteries or veins known as pressure reserves?

A
  • Arteries
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13
Q

What phenomena causes the passive flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle?

A
  • Gravity
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14
Q

What are the two types of cells in the heart?

A
  • Control cells

- Obeyer cells

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15
Q

Which cells control/modulate heart contractions?

A
  • Pacemaker cells
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16
Q

Which cells obey pacemaker cells

A
  • Cardiac myocytes
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17
Q

What kind of ions depolarize the heart?

A
  • Calcium ions (T and L type)
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18
Q

How do pacemaker cells know how to fire action potentials?

A
  • They are activated by a negative charged cytoplasm
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19
Q

What is the SA (sinoatrial) node?

A
  • Initiate electrical cells in the heart

- Have HCN1 channels

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20
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A
  • Allow the quick transfer of ions
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21
Q

What is the AV (atrialventricular) node

A
  • Slows the electrical signal from the SA node before being transferred to the ventricles
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22
Q

What is a major differentiation between skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles?

A
  • Cardiac muscles have gap junctions
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23
Q

What is the P-wave?

A
  • The culmination of the depolarization of the SA and AV nodes and the atrial muscle
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24
Q

What is an EKG?

A
  • The sum of all the electrical activity in the heart
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25
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A
  • A mixture the re-polarization of the SA and AV nodes and the atrial muscle, and the depolarization of the common bundle, the bundle fibers, Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle
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26
Q

What is the T-wave?

A
  • The re-polarization of the common bundle, the bundle fibers, Purkinje fibers, and ventricular muscle
  • Potassium efluxes from the cell
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27
Q

What is and does the Vagus Nerve do?

A
  • Innervate the SA and AV nodes
  • Uses ACh to bind to M2 receptors (Gi)
  • Long pre-ganglionic neuron connected to a shorter post-ganglionic neuron
28
Q

What kind of tone does the heart have?

A
  • Vagal tone
29
Q

What is and does the sympathetic cardiac nerve do?

A
  • Innervates the SA and AV nodes, and Purkinje fibers
  • Uses norepinephrine (NE) to bind to β1 receptor (Gs)
  • A short pre-ganglionic neuron is connected to a longer post-ganglionic neuron (pre-ganglionic neuron releases ACh and post-ganglionic neuron releases NE)
30
Q

What happens when the vagus nerve is damaged?

A
  • The sympathetic nerve take over
31
Q

What is the Frank Staling Law of Heart?

A
  • The more cardiac muscle is stretched within its limits, the more forcibly it will contract
32
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A
  • Slow down the heart
33
Q

What are drugs that have lol at the end?

A
  • Beta blockers
34
Q

What component of the EKG will change when patients take Sotalol, a potassium channel blocker and why?

A
  • Regain control of the heart by allowing a longer re-polarization phase
  • Longer T wave
35
Q

What is a patch clamp

A
  • A needle pierces a skin and records electrophysiological changes
36
Q

What would the effect be of increasing the extracellular concentration of Calcium in the pericardium?

A
  • Increase in heart rate
  • Depolarize the membrane quicker
  • More contractile force
37
Q

How would you treat patients affected by an increase in calcium in the heart?

A
  • Agonists for the parasympathetic

- Antagonists for the sympathetic system

38
Q

What would the effect be of increasing the extracellular concentration of Potassium from moderate to high levels in the pericardium?

A
  • Potassium binds to potassium voltage gates and widens the pore to allow more to flow through or at a faster rate
39
Q

Issues with the P wave are associated with what heart chambers?

A
  • Atria
40
Q

Issues with the T wave or QRS complex are associated with what heart chambers?

A
  • Ventricles
41
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A
  • The lack of a P wave because of T wave mitigation
  • No distinct T wave
  • QRS wave will be present (big R waves)
42
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessels?

A
  • Tunica interna
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
43
Q

What comprises the tunica interna?

A
  • Endothelium

- Sub-endothelial layer

44
Q

What comprises the tunica media?

A
  • Smooth muscle (elastin)
45
Q

Arteries have more tunica ___ than veins?

A
  • Tunica media (smoother muscles)
46
Q

What do cell produce a lot of?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
47
Q

What comprises the tunica externa?

A
  • Collagen and elastic
48
Q

What receptors causes vasocontriction?

A
  • Alpha receptors (Gq)
49
Q

What receptors causes vasodilation?

A
  • Beta receptors (Gs)
50
Q

cAMP is ___ in smooth muscles

A
  • Inhibitory
51
Q

What is a strong vasocontrictor?

A
  • Angiotensin II
52
Q

What is a strong vasodilator?

A
  • Nitric Oxide
53
Q

Capillaries have a thin layer of tunica ___

A
  • Tunica intima to allow better ion exchange
54
Q

How are capillaries classified?

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinusoid
55
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A
  • Contain no breaks and exchange without loss of RBC and plasms
56
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A
  • Allow the exchange of small peptides, signaling molecules

- e.g. hypothalamus

57
Q

What are sinusoid capillaries?

A
  • Allow the exchange of large proteins

- e.g. liver

58
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A
  • Filtration: movement out of blood (out of capillary)
59
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A
  • (Re)absorption: movement into blood (into capillary)
60
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A
  • Run adjacent to arteries and veins
  • Excess fluid is absorbed by lymphatic capillaries
  • Returns fluid to the circulatory system
61
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A
  • To move insoluble molecules
  • To flush toxins
  • To improve nutrient distribution
62
Q

What does the lymphatic system have a ton of?

A
  • B cells

- T cells

63
Q

Where does the lymphatic system connect with the circulatory system?

A
  • The subclavian veins to superior vena cava
64
Q

What happens when the lymphatic system fails?

A
  • Fluid accumulates in tissues
  • Increase in capillary pressure
  • Decreased plasma proteins
  • increased capillary permeability
  • Blockage of lymph
65
Q

What are varicose veins?

A
  • Veins that are widened and stretched, thereby preventing the valves to from properly closing
66
Q

There isn’t a lot of tunica ___ in veins

A
  • Tunica media
67
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = ?

A
  • Cardiac output (CO) * total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Topics in Neurophysiology (14 decks)

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