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Physiology > Special Senses Hearing > Flashcards

Special Senses Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound

A

cyclical compression and rarefaction of air molecules causing a cyclical change in air pressure

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2
Q

what does the pinna do?

A

shapes, funnels, and conducts sound toward the meatus and tympanic membrane

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3
Q

what is the dual function that pinna has in many species?

A

hearing and thermoregulation

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4
Q

what part of the ear is an air-filled cavity?

A

middle ear

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5
Q

what part of the ear is the fluid-filled cavity?

A

inner ear

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6
Q

what does the choclear duct contain?

A

endolymph

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7
Q

what houses the hair cells that are anchored to the basilar papilla?

A

organ of corti

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8
Q

what is the gel-coated ridge that lies on top of the hair cells?

A

tectorial membrane

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9
Q

what do hair cell synapse onto?

A

sensory nerves
cochlear nerve -> CN8

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10
Q

what happens to sound waves and different frequencies along the basilar papilla?

A

resonate at different points -> spatial coding along length of membrane -> tonotopic organization

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10
Q

how is the organ of corti structured longitudinally?

A

basilar papilla increases in size and flexibility

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11
Q

how is the organ of corti structures in its cross-section?

A

membranes different in flexibility

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12
Q

how is sound energy in air transmitted to vibrations in tissue?

A

sound waves hit tympanic membrane -> vibrations transferred to oval window -> oval window deformation -> pressure waves in perilymph of cochlea -> pressure waves travels up basilar membrane

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13
Q

how many layers of sterocilia does each hair cell have?

A

3

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14
Q

what connects sterocilia?

A

tip links composed of cell adhesion molecules

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15
Q

In what form is mechanical energy transduced to electrical energy?

A

action potentials

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16
Q

map out hairs opening -> signaling cochlear nerve

A

bent hairs open gated cation channels -> K+ enters hair cell -> hair cell depolarizes -> voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open -> neurotransmitters (glutamate) released -> signaling terminals of cochlear nerve

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17
Q

what happens to sensory neurons on hair cells at rest?

A

transmit AP spontaneously at a specific rate

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18
Q

how are quiet noises detected?

A

1.pinna - funnels and conducts sounds into ear canal
2. meatus - transmits sound
3. middle ear ossicles - transmit and amplify sound 2-3 times
4. cochlear amplifer

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19
Q

what do outer hair cells do to amplify quiet noises?

A

change length in response to movements of basilar membrane -> amplification of signal

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20
Q

what is the function of outer hair cells?

A

increase sensitivity of inner hair cells

21
Q

where does information originating in one cochlea reach?

A

both sides

22
Q

where does information from one cochlea travel?

A

predominantly up the contralateral side

23
Q

what does the superior olivary complex do?

A

sound localization

24
Q

what does the medial geniculate nucleus & inferior colliculus do?

A

specialized to detect certain frequency combinations and timing among sounds

25
Q

what does the auditory cortex do?

A

conscious perception of sound

26
Q

Map the auditory NS system

A

CN8 -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary complex -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortex

27
Q

what can cause phase delay between ipsilateral and contralateral ear?

A

time difference and intensity differences

28
Q

what receives input from both cochlear nuclei?

A

superior olivary complex

29
Q

what is the term for louder in one ear?

A

interaurel intensity difference

30
Q

what is the term for sound reaching one ear first?

A

interaural timing differences

31
Q

what do lateral superior olive cells measure?

A

interaural intensity differences by integrating ipsilateral excitatory and contralateral inhibitory inputs

32
Q

what do medial superior olive cells measure?

A

interaurel time differences using excitatory inputs from both sides

33
Q

which olive cells measure using excitatory and inhibitory inputs?

A

lateral superior olive

34
Q

which olive cells measure using only excitatory inputs?

A

medial superior

35
Q

map the auditory pathway with sounds at different frequencies

A

detect sounds at different frequencies -> bipolar neurons that connect hair cells to cochlear nuclei -> acoustic filtering -> pathway splits to right/left olive -> directionality and sound localization -> tonotopic organization; information routed to vestibulo-ocular reflex and startle response -> awarness of a sound relay to auditory cortex -> conscious localization and perception of sound

36
Q

what is BAER testing?

A

brainstem auditory evoked response

37
Q

how and where can auditory evoked potentials be detected?

A

detected at surface of skin in response to clicks or certain tones from a speaker

38
Q

what is required to boost the signal and remove noise in the BAER test?

A

differential amplification

39
Q

what calculates the mean value of the clicks to reveal the pattern in a BAER test?

A

signal averger

40
Q

what does wave I-VII reflect?

A

I - cochlea, spiral gangli, CN8
II - cochlear nuclei
III - superior olivary complex
IV & V - lateral lemniscus & lemniscal nuceli, and causal colliculus
VI - medial geniculate body
VII - auditory radiations

41
Q

which ear can each puppy hear in?

A

1 - both ears
2 - right ear
3 - left ear
4 - neither ear

42
Q

what is acquired deafness

A

hearing loss due to an infection, injury, gradual or sudden hearing loss due to age, noise exposure, drugs

43
Q

what do ototoxic drugs do?

A

kill hair cells -> hearing loss

44
Q

what do aminoglycosides first target and then spread to?

A

first - hair cells in basal portion of cochlear spiral
spread - outer spiral then nerve

45
Q

what sounds do aminoglycosides have the most affect on?

A

high frequency

46
Q

what coat color is linked to deafness in dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, ferret, mink, camelid, and rabbit?

A

white

47
Q

when does deafness develop due to the loss of melanocyte-dependent blood supply to cochlea?

A

3-4 weeks

48
Q

what does binaurel hearing do?

A

allow for comparing signal from both ears to determine location of a sound in space

49
Q

where is the binaurel input recieved from both cochlea?

A

olivary complex

50
Q

what protects the ear from excessive noise?

A

two skeletal muscles attached to malleus and stapes

Physiology (8 decks)

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