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Physiology > Central Control of Movement > Flashcards

Central Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Map out how information flows through the brain (PNS->CNS->PNS)

A
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2
Q

Order the components in the correct order of flow

multimodal association corticles
premotor cortex
primary sensory cortex
primary motor cortex

A

primary sensory cortex -> multimodal accosication corticles -> premotor cortex -> primary motor cortex

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3
Q

what are 3 other brain circuits that send information to the cortex besides afferent and efferent fibers?

A
  1. basal nuclei and cerebellum
  2. limbic system
  3. reticular activating network
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4
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe

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5
Q

which lobes are sensory corticles and motor cortex?

A

sensory - parietal, occipital, temporal
motor - frontal

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6
Q

which lobe processes touch?

A

parietal

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7
Q

which lobe processes visual?

A

occipital

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8
Q

which lobe processes auditory and memory?

A

temporal

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9
Q

which lobe processes motor, decision making, and mood?

A

frontal lobe

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10
Q

what are the 3 regions of the motor cortex?

A

premotor
supplementary motor
primary motor

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11
Q

what are neurons in the pre and supplementary motor areas linked to?

A

primary motor cortex

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12
Q

what is motor homunculus?

A

map of body on cortex
electrical stimulation -> motor response on specific body part

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13
Q

what connects the cortex to the target muscles?

A

UMN and LMN

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14
Q

where do UMN start and how do they reach LMN?

A

start - motor cortex
reach LMN via corticopsinal or corticobulbar tracts

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15
Q

where do corticobulbar pathways terminate?

A

brainstem

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16
Q

where do corticospinal pathways terminate?

A

spinal cord

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17
Q

List wether each cranial nerve is sensory, motor, or both

A
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18
Q

which cranial nerves are NOT LMNs?

A

I - olfactory
II - optic
VIII - vestibulochlear

the ones with only sensory pathways

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19
Q

which cranial nerves are tested in the pupillary light reflex?

A

II and III

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20
Q

which CN is afferent and efferent - II & III?

A

II - afferent (sensory)
III - efferent (motor)

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21
Q

where do the LMNs of the corticobulbar tract run through?

A

cranial nerves

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22
Q

where do axons of corticospinal tracts run through?

A

lateral and ventromedial white matter

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23
Q

where does the corticospinal tract descussate?

A

caudal end of medulla

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24
Q

what is the corticospinal tract also called?

A

pyramidal tract

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25
Q

where are the cell bodies of LMN located?

A

spinal cord

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26
Q

what are LMNs that innervate skeletal muscle?

A

a-motorneurons

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27
Q

what is sometimes referred to as the final common pathway?

A

LMNs

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28
Q

what do LMN for the lateral part of the ventral horn innervate?

A

muscles of distal limbs

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29
Q

what do LMN from medial part of ventral horn innervate?

A

axial muscles and proximal limbs

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30
Q

what does the red and green LMN innervate?

A

red- axial muscles and proximal limbs
green - distal limbs

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31
Q

what is the extrapyramidal system?

A

neurons located in nuclei of the brainstem

32
Q

what are the neurons in the nuclei brain stem?

A

red nucleus, reticular formation, vestibular nucleus, tectum

33
Q

what does the red nucleus, reticular formation, vestibular nucleus, and tectum make up tracts?

A

tectospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal

34
Q

what tracts are part of the extrapyradmidal system?

A

tectospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal

35
Q

what type of pathology is damage to the extrapyramidal system associated with?

A

hypertonic and hypotonic

36
Q

what is decerebrate rigidity?

A

condition of increased muscle tone and stretch reflexes, particularly extensor muscles
->extensor hypertonia

37
Q

what is opisothotonus?

A

spasm of muscles causing backward arching of head and neck

38
Q

what tract is associated with red nucelus, reticular formation, vestibular nucleus, tectum?

A

red nucleus - rubrospinal
reticular formation - reticulospinal
vestibular nucleus - vestibulospinal
tectum - tectospinal

39
Q

which tract is associated with distal musculature?

A

rubrospinal

40
Q

which tract is associated with axial and proximal musculature?

A

reticulospinal
vestibulospinal
tectospinal

41
Q

where does the red nucleus receives input from?

A

motor cortex and the cerebellum

42
Q

what does rubrospinal tract excite?

A

LMNS that control flexor muscles in neck and proximal limbs

43
Q

what does rubrospinal tract inhibit?

A

extensor muscles in limbs

44
Q

what can damage to rubrospinal tract cause?

A

extensor hypertonia

45
Q

which reticulospinal tract excites alpha and gamma neurons to extensor muscles?

A

pontine

46
Q

which reticulospinal tract inhibits the pontine tract? what does that results in?

A

medullar
inhibit extensor muscles

47
Q

what does the two tracts of the reticulospinal tract allow for?

A

balance in influences on extensor and flexor muscles
a-y coactivation

48
Q

when will postural control with the reticulospinal tract be decreased?

A

lesions

49
Q

what can injury to the pontine tract result in?

A

hypotonia - flaccidity

50
Q

what can injury to the medullar tract result in?

A

hypertonia - spasticity

51
Q

what does the vestibulospinal tract control?

A

body position and disturbances in balancewhst

52
Q

what can damage to the vestibulospinal tract cause?

A

extensor hypotonia

53
Q

what does the vestibular nucleus recieve inputs from?

A

vestibular apparatus of inner ear and cerebellum

54
Q

what does the superior (rostral) colliculus receive inputs from and what about?

A

visual, auditory, an somatosensory inputs about environmental stimuli

55
Q

what can damage to the tectospinal tract cause?

A

disruption in the ability to orient head towards and fix gaze on an object

56
Q

which tract transfer information for voluntary motor action? UMN or extrapyramidal?

A

UMN/pyramidal

57
Q

which tract exerts control on LMN to increase fine control? UMN or extrapyramidal?

A

extrapyramidal

58
Q

which tract fine tunes spinal reflexes? UMN or extrapyramidal?

A

extrapyramidal

59
Q

which tract interacts with basal nuclei and cerebellum to fine tune motor control? UMN or extrapyramidal?

A

extrapyramidal

60
Q

what can damage to UMNs cause?

A

inability to move
inappropriate movements (hyperreflexia), increased muscle tone, possibly muscle atrophy

61
Q

Cerebral palsy is an example of a disease that affects UMN or extrapyramidal?

A

UMN

62
Q

what are LMNs innervated by?

A

UMNs, extrapyramidal neurons, reflex arcs

63
Q

what do LMNs do?

A

stimulate muscles

64
Q

what can damage to LMN cause?

A

inappropriate or absence of movement (hyporeflexoa, flaccid muscles, paraplegia); muscle atropy and reduced muscle tone

65
Q

Feline diabetic neuropathy is an example of a disease that affects UMN or LMN?

A

LMN
axonal endings of DISTAL axons demyelinate and die

66
Q

what does muscle tone refer to?

A

resting level of tension in a mucle

67
Q

what is muscle tone the result of?

A

resting level of discharge of a-motor neurons

68
Q

what regulates the a-motor neuron discharge?

A

muscle spindle afferents
a-y coactivation

69
Q

what does damage of a-motorneuron (LMN) do to muscle tone?

A

reduced muscle tone

70
Q

what does damage to UMN do to muscle tone?

A

increase muscle tone

71
Q

what does a UMN lesion do to supraspinal inhibitory and excitatory inputs (extrapyramidal)?

A

disturbs balance of supraspinal inhibition and excitatory inputs - extrapyramidal ->state of net disinhibition

72
Q

what is damaged when a dog is opisthotonus?

A

red nucleus damaged and reticular formation neurons working -> dog in extension

73
Q

what does decerebrate rigidity result from?

A

midbrain lesion
above pons, medulla. vestibular nuceli and below red nucelus

74
Q

where does each extrapyramidal tract go in the spinal cord? (lateral and ventral column)

A

lateral column - rubrospinal tract
ventral column - reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract

75
Q

what UMN tract synapses on cranial nerves?

A

corticobulbar

Physiology (8 decks)

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