Central Control of Movement

Question 1

Map out how information flows through the brain (PNS->CNS->PNS)

Answer 1

Question 2

Order the components in the correct order of flow

multimodal association corticles
premotor cortex
primary sensory cortex
primary motor cortex

Answer 2

primary sensory cortex -> multimodal accosication corticles -> premotor cortex -> primary motor cortex

Question 3

what are 3 other brain circuits that send information to the cortex besides afferent and efferent fibers?

Answer 3

1. basal nuclei and cerebellum
2. limbic system
3. reticular activating network

Question 4

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 4

parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe

Question 5

which lobes are sensory corticles and motor cortex?

Answer 5

sensory - parietal, occipital, temporal
motor - frontal

Question 6

which lobe processes touch?

Answer 6

parietal

Question 7

which lobe processes visual?

Answer 7

occipital

Question 8

which lobe processes auditory and memory?

Answer 8

temporal

Question 9

which lobe processes motor, decision making, and mood?

Answer 9

frontal lobe

Question 10

what are the 3 regions of the motor cortex?

Answer 10

premotor
supplementary motor
primary motor

Question 11

what are neurons in the pre and supplementary motor areas linked to?

Answer 11

primary motor cortex

Question 12

what is motor homunculus?

Answer 12

map of body on cortex
electrical stimulation -> motor response on specific body part

Question 13

what connects the cortex to the target muscles?

Answer 13

UMN and LMN

Question 14

where do UMN start and how do they reach LMN?

Answer 14

start - motor cortex
reach LMN via corticopsinal or corticobulbar tracts

Question 15

where do corticobulbar pathways terminate?

Answer 15

brainstem

Question 16

where do corticospinal pathways terminate?

Answer 16

spinal cord

Question 17

List wether each cranial nerve is sensory, motor, or both

Answer 17

Question 18

which cranial nerves are NOT LMNs?

Answer 18

I - olfactory
II - optic
VIII - vestibulochlear

the ones with only sensory pathways

Question 19

which cranial nerves are tested in the pupillary light reflex?

Answer 19

II and III

Question 20

which CN is afferent and efferent - II & III?

Answer 20

II - afferent (sensory)
III - efferent (motor)

Question 21

where do the LMNs of the corticobulbar tract run through?

Answer 21

cranial nerves

Question 22

where do axons of corticospinal tracts run through?

Answer 22

lateral and ventromedial white matter

Question 23

where does the corticospinal tract descussate?

Answer 23

caudal end of medulla

Question 24

what is the corticospinal tract also called?

Answer 24

pyramidal tract

Question 25

where are the cell bodies of LMN located?

Answer 25

spinal cord

Question 26

what are LMNs that innervate skeletal muscle?

Answer 26

a-motorneurons

Question 27

what is sometimes referred to as the final common pathway?

Answer 27

LMNs

Question 28

what do LMN for the lateral part of the ventral horn innervate?

Answer 28

muscles of distal limbs

Question 29

what do LMN from medial part of ventral horn innervate?

Answer 29

axial muscles and proximal limbs

Question 30

what does the red and green LMN innervate?

Answer 30

red- axial muscles and proximal limbs green - distal limbs

Question 31

what is the extrapyramidal system?

Answer 31

neurons located in nuclei of the brainstem

Question 32

what are the neurons in the nuclei brain stem?

Answer 32

red nucleus, reticular formation, vestibular nucleus, tectum

Question 33

what does the red nucleus, reticular formation, vestibular nucleus, and tectum make up tracts?

Answer 33

tectospinal reticulospinal rubrospinal vestibulospinal

Question 34

what tracts are part of the extrapyradmidal system?

Answer 34

tectospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal

Question 35

what type of pathology is damage to the extrapyramidal system associated with?

Answer 35

hypertonic and hypotonic

Question 36

what is decerebrate rigidity?

Answer 36

condition of increased muscle tone and stretch reflexes, particularly extensor muscles ->extensor hypertonia

Question 37

what is opisothotonus?

Answer 37

spasm of muscles causing backward arching of head and neck

Question 38

what tract is associated with red nucelus, reticular formation, vestibular nucleus, tectum?

Answer 38

red nucleus - rubrospinal reticular formation - reticulospinal vestibular nucleus - vestibulospinal tectum - tectospinal

Question 39

which tract is associated with distal musculature?

Answer 39

rubrospinal

Question 40

which tract is associated with axial and proximal musculature?

Answer 40

reticulospinal vestibulospinal tectospinal

Question 41

where does the red nucleus receives input from?

Answer 41

motor cortex and the cerebellum

Question 42

what does rubrospinal tract excite?

Answer 42

LMNS that control flexor muscles in neck and proximal limbs

Question 43

what does rubrospinal tract inhibit?

Answer 43

extensor muscles in limbs

Question 44

what can damage to rubrospinal tract cause?

Answer 44

extensor hypertonia

Question 45

which reticulospinal tract excites alpha and gamma neurons to extensor muscles?

Answer 45

pontine

Question 46

which reticulospinal tract inhibits the pontine tract? what does that results in?

Answer 46

medullar inhibit extensor muscles

Question 47

what does the two tracts of the reticulospinal tract allow for?

Answer 47

balance in influences on extensor and flexor muscles a-y coactivation

Question 48

when will postural control with the reticulospinal tract be decreased?

Answer 48

lesions

Question 49

what can injury to the pontine tract result in?

Answer 49

hypotonia - flaccidity

Question 50

what can injury to the medullar tract result in?

Answer 50

hypertonia - spasticity

Question 51

what does the vestibulospinal tract control?

Answer 51

body position and disturbances in balancewhst

Question 52

what can damage to the vestibulospinal tract cause?

Answer 52

extensor hypotonia

Question 53

what does the vestibular nucleus recieve inputs from?

Answer 53

vestibular apparatus of inner ear and cerebellum

Question 54

what does the superior (rostral) colliculus receive inputs from and what about?

Answer 54

visual, auditory, an somatosensory inputs about environmental stimuli

Question 55

what can damage to the tectospinal tract cause?

Answer 55

disruption in the ability to orient head towards and fix gaze on an object

Question 56

which tract transfer information for voluntary motor action? UMN or extrapyramidal?

Answer 56

UMN/pyramidal

Question 57

which tract exerts control on LMN to increase fine control? UMN or extrapyramidal?

Answer 57

extrapyramidal

Question 58

which tract fine tunes spinal reflexes? UMN or extrapyramidal?

Answer 58

extrapyramidal

Question 59

which tract interacts with basal nuclei and cerebellum to fine tune motor control? UMN or extrapyramidal?

Answer 59

extrapyramidal

Question 60

what can damage to UMNs cause?

Answer 60

inability to move inappropriate movements (hyperreflexia), increased muscle tone, possibly muscle atrophy

Question 61

Cerebral palsy is an example of a disease that affects UMN or extrapyramidal?

Answer 61

UMN

Question 62

what are LMNs innervated by?

Answer 62

UMNs, extrapyramidal neurons, reflex arcs

Question 63

what do LMNs do?

Answer 63

stimulate muscles

Question 64

what can damage to LMN cause?

Answer 64

inappropriate or absence of movement (hyporeflexoa, flaccid muscles, paraplegia); muscle atropy and reduced muscle tone

Question 65

Feline diabetic neuropathy is an example of a disease that affects UMN or LMN?

Answer 65

LMN axonal endings of DISTAL axons demyelinate and die

Question 66

what does muscle tone refer to?

Answer 66

resting level of tension in a mucle

Question 67

what is muscle tone the result of?

Answer 67

resting level of discharge of a-motor neurons

Question 68

what regulates the a-motor neuron discharge?

Answer 68

muscle spindle afferents a-y coactivation

Question 69

what does damage of a-motorneuron (LMN) do to muscle tone?

Answer 69

reduced muscle tone

Question 70

what does damage to UMN do to muscle tone?

Answer 70

increase muscle tone

Question 71

what does a UMN lesion do to supraspinal inhibitory and excitatory inputs (extrapyramidal)?

Answer 71

disturbs balance of supraspinal inhibition and excitatory inputs - extrapyramidal ->state of net disinhibition

Question 72

what is damaged when a dog is opisthotonus?

Answer 72

red nucleus damaged and reticular formation neurons working -> dog in extension

Question 73

what does decerebrate rigidity result from?

Answer 73

midbrain lesion above pons, medulla. vestibular nuceli and below red nucelus

Question 74

where does each extrapyramidal tract go in the spinal cord? (lateral and ventral column)

Answer 74

lateral column - rubrospinal tract ventral column - reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract

Question 75

what UMN tract synapses on cranial nerves?

Answer 75

corticobulbar