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Physiology > Modulation of movement by basal ganglia and cerebellum > Flashcards

Modulation of movement by basal ganglia and cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

what does cerebellum (Cb) and basal gangli (B.G.) do?

A

modulate activity of UMN

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2
Q

the effects of the Cb and B.G are similar or opposite?

A

opposite

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2
Q

what sends information to the BG and Cb?

A

motor cortex

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2
Q

how does Cb and BG send information back to the motor cortex?

A

through the thalamus

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3
Q

what does the contribution of both systems allow for?

A

smooth, coordinated movement

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3
Q

what does a disturbance in BG or Cb result in?

A

motor disorders

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3
Q

what does the BG or nasal nuclei recieve input from?

A

corticles

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4
Q

what are the 5 parts of the BG?

A

caudate nucleus & putamen (aka striatum)
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
thalamus

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5
Q

which is the direct and indirect pathway of the BG

A
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6
Q

what is disinhibition?

A

inhibition of inhibition
two inhibitory neurons in a series

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7
Q

what does a reduction of inhibition in the GB lead to?

A

increase in feedback from the thalamus to the cortex

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8
Q

which BG pathway increases and decreases thalamic excitation of the cortex?

A

direct - increases
indirect - decreases

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9
Q

is the thalamic output always inhibitory or excitatory

A

excitatory

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10
Q

Pathway of neurotransmitter of basal ganglia

A
  1. cortex -> stiatum : glutamate
  2. striatum -> globus pallidus : GABA
  3. globus pallidus -> thalamus : GABA
  4. subthalamic nucleus -> globus pallidus : glutamate
  5. thalamus -> cortex : glutamate
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11
Q

which is excitatory and which is inhibitory - glutamate and GABA?

A

excitatory - glutamate
inhibitory - GABA

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12
Q

what has the highest levels of ACh in the brain?

A

striatum

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13
Q

where is dopamine produced and released?

A

produced - substantia nigra
released - striatum

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14
Q

when is dopamine excitatory and when is it inhibitory?

A

excitatory - direct pathway, D1 receptors
inhibitory - indirect pathway, D2 receptors

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15
Q

what is the overall effect of dopamine on thalamic input to the cortex?

A

increased input

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16
Q

when is acetylcholine excitatory and when is it inhibitory?

A

excitatory - indirect pathway
inhibitory - direct pathway

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17
Q

what is the overall effect of acetylcholine on thalamic input to the cortex?

A

decreased thalamic input to cortex

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18
Q

what does hypoactivation of the basal nuceli circuit cause?

A

hyperkineasia - inc in movement

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19
Q

what does hyperactivation of basal nuceli circuit cause?

A

hypokinesia - dec in movement

20
Q

How is knapweed poisonious to horses?

A

DDMP inhibits dopamine transport in equine brain

21
Q

which cranial nerves are most affected by yellow star thistle?

A

V, VII, IX

22
Q

what does russian knapweed intoxication do to the facial muscles?

A

hypertonicity

23
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

compares intended movement to actual movement and makes adjustement

24
Q

what do cerebellar lesions result in?

A

ataxia - uncoordinated muscle movement, don’t prevent movement or impair strength

25
Q

what are the 3 distinct regions of the cerebellum?

A

-vestibulocerebellum
-spinocerebellum
-cerebrocerebellum

26
Q

what allows unconscious control of fine motor movements?

A

cerebellum

27
Q

what is the main output of the cerebellum?

A

motor cortex

28
Q

what part of the cerebellum regulates balance and eye movements?

A

vestibulocerebellum

29
Q

what part of the cerebellum enhances muscle tones and coordinates skilled voluntary movement of different muscle group, and predicts position of body in space during movement?

A

spinocerebellum

30
Q

what part of the cerebellum plans and initiates voluntary activity, and stores procedural memory?

A

cerebrocerebellum

31
Q

match each cerebellum region with its inputs

inputs - cortex, vestibular system, muscle spindles
regions - vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

A

cortex - cerebrocerebellum
vestibular system - vestibulocerebellum
muscle spindles - spinocerebellum

32
Q

what are the layers of the cerebellum?

A

molecular layer
purkinje cell layer
granule cell layer
white matter

33
Q

what is the only output of the cerebellum?

A

purkinje cells

34
Q

what are the inputs to the Cb?

A

-copy of motor plan from cerebral cortex
-sensory information from vestibular system, eyes, skin, joints, muscles

35
Q

what integrations does the Cb do?

A

motor and sensory inputs integrated to make an error correction and adjust posture

36
Q

what is the input of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

vestibulosensory input from vestibular organ, superior colliculus, striate (visual) cortex

37
Q

where does the output of the vestibulocerebellum go?

A

vestibulocerebellum -> lateral & medial vestibular nuclei -> vestibulospinal & bulbar tracts

38
Q

what are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

coordinate movement of head and eyes
control antigravity muscles

39
Q

what happens if the vestibulocerebellum is damaged?

A

ataxia, poor balance, wide gate

40
Q

what is the input of the spinocerebellum?

A

spinal and trigeminal sensory inputs auditory inputs, striate (visual) cortex

41
Q

where does the output of the spinocerebellum go?

A

spinocerebellum -> interposed and fastigal nuclei -> descending brainstem and corticospinal pathways

42
Q

what is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

proper execution of coordinated movement

43
Q

what happens if the spinocerebellum is damaged?

A

dysmetria, functional tremor, decreased muscle tone

44
Q

what is the input of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

premotor, supplementary and primary motor cortex

45
Q

where does the output from the cerebrocerebellum go?

A

cerebrocerebellum -> denate nucleus -> red nucleus -> ipsilateral olivary nucleus -> motor and premotor corticles

46
Q

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

planning, initiation, timing
learning of motor skills
properly timed movement sequences

47
Q

what symptoms are seen in patients with cerebellar lesions?

A

wide gate, ataxia, dysmetria, asynergia, intention tremor, nystagmus, head bobbing

48
Q

what does canine multiple system degeneration do to the neurological processes?

A

damages Cb and BG
ataxia -> akinesia and severe posture instability

48
Q

why would a Cb lesion prior to the decussation cause an ipsilateral motor deficit?

A

Cb crosses over twice so the area that it would be affecting is the same side as where the lesion is

lesion = no fine tuning of movements = motor deficit

48
Q

where does the superior cerebellar peduncle cross?

A

caudal midbrain level

49
Q

what is canine multiple system degeneration?

A

fatal familial movement disorder in dogs

50
Q

what does BVD do to the cows brain?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia
degenerative purkinje cells and loss of granule cell layer -> reduced cerebellum

51
Q

what happens to the cerebellum in kittens with panleukopenia virus?

A

virus attacks rapidly dividing cells in outer layers of cerebellum -> intentional tremor, ataxia, wide gate, head bobbing

Physiology (8 decks)

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