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Physiology > Organization of NS/Spinal Reflex Connections > Flashcards

Organization of NS/Spinal Reflex Connections Flashcards

1
Q

what does extrinsic control maintain and do?

A

homeostasis
glandular activity
control of movements
perception of environments
transfer of information
storage information

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2
Q

what do neurological exams evaluate?

A

mental status and behavior
cranial nerves
spinal reflex
proprioception
muscle strength and tone
coordination
gait

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3
Q

what are the anatomical components of a neural circuit?

A

inputs (afferents)
integrators
outputs (efferents)

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4
Q

what is the functional components of sensory inputs, computational units, and output nerves?

A

sensory inputs - sensory neuron/receptor
computational units - brains and ganglia
output nerves - output to skeletal muscle, SM or glands

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5
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral NS?

A

afferent
efferent

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6
Q

what are the divisions of efferent?

A

somatic NS - voluntary
autonomic NS - involuntary

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7
Q

what does the afferent division of the PNS break down into?

A

sensory and visceral stimuli

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8
Q

what are the divisions of the somatic, and autonomic NS?

A

somatic - motor
autonomic - sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric NS

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9
Q

what does the cotton ball test test?

A

sensory - visual
motor - eye movement

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10
Q

what are the 4 types of movement?

A
  1. voluntary movement
  2. postural movement
  3. rhythmic movement
  4. reflex movement
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11
Q

what type of movement is the cotton bell test?

A

voluntary

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12
Q

what type of movement is skeletal muscle holding up posture?

A

postural

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13
Q

what type of movement walking, chewing, breathing?

A

rhythmic

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14
Q

what type of movement in response to a stimulus?

A

reflex

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15
Q

what are the two major cell types of the nervous system?

A

neurons
neuroglia

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16
Q

what part of the nerve produces neuropeptides?

A

Soma - body
golgi apparatus & rER

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17
Q

what part of the neuron is the site of synapse?

A

dendrites/dendritic spines

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18
Q

what is the primary neuronal output?

A

axon

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19
Q

what part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters?

A

synaptic terminal of the axon

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20
Q

what are the CNS neuroglia?

A

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

what are the PNS neuroglia?

A

schwann cells

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22
Q

what are the 3 types of nerve fibers that occur in the PNS?

A

A,B,C

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23
Q

Order A nerve fibers from largest to smallest

A

Aa, AB, Ad

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24
Q

Order A nerve fibers from fastest to slowest

A

Aa, AB, Ad

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25
Q

which nerve fiber has the muscle spindle and golgi tendon information?

A

Aa

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26
Q

which nerve fiber is proprioceptors of skeletal muscle?

A

Aa

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27
Q

which nerve fiber has the muscle spindle, touch, and proprioception?

A

AB

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28
Q

which nerve fiber carries pain and temperature?

A

Ad

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29
Q

which nerve fiber is a mechanoreceptor of the skin?

A

AB

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30
Q

which nerve fiber is a mechanical nociceptor?

A

Ad

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31
Q

which nerve fiber are preganglionic efferent ANS fibers?

A

B

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32
Q

what nerve fiber carries information of temperature, dull pain, and itch?

A

C fibers

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33
Q

Is the dorsal root/dorsal horn afferent or efferent?

A

afferent

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34
Q

Is the ventral root/ventral horn afferent or efferent?

A

efferent

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35
Q

what are the two neuron chains?

A

upper motor neurons
lower motor neurons

36
Q

Is the lateral corticopsinal and ventral corticospinal part of UMN or LMN?

A

UMN

37
Q

where does the lateral and ventral corticospinal cross?

A

lateral - medulla
ventral - cross at termination of spinal cord/ uncrossed

38
Q

where are UMN and LMNs?

A

UMN - primary motor cortex
LMN - spinal cord

39
Q

what are the pathways that control movement? (UMN)

A

-lateral corticospinal
-rubrospinal
-ventral corticospinal
-vestinbulospinal, reticulospinal, tectospinal tract

40
Q

what two descending efferent pathways are crossed?

A

lateral corticospinal
rubrospinal

41
Q

what are the two descending efferent pathways that are uncrossed?

A

ventral corticospinal
vestibulospinal;reticulospial;tectospinal

42
Q

which two descending efferent pathways involve voluntary skeletal muscle control?

A

lateral corticospinal
ventral corticopspinal

43
Q

what two descending efferent pathways involve involuntary skeletal muscle control?

A

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal; reticulospinal; tectospinal

44
Q

Is CDM a UMN or LMN disease?

A

starts UMN and progresses to LMN
primarily UMN

45
Q

what is the initial presentation of canine DM?

A

UMN paresis localized to T3-L3 spinal segments, spastic paresis, exaggerated reflexes

46
Q

what is it important to rule out when diagnosing DM?

A

spinal compression

47
Q

which diameter of fibers lose function first - large or small?

A

large first then small

48
Q

which is a better prognosis - tactile function lost or deep pain lost?

A

tactile function lost

49
Q

what is feline diabetic neuropathy associated with?

A

diabetes mellitus

50
Q

Is feline diabetic neuropathy a UMN or LMN disease?

A

LMN

51
Q

what is the presentation of cats with feline diabetic neuropathy?

A

plantigrade stance
sensory nerve dysfunction

52
Q

what are the two types of reflexes?

A

simple or basic
acquired or conditioned

53
Q

what are the 5 basic component of a reflex circuit

A

receptor
afferent pathway
integrating center
efferent pathway
effector

54
Q

List proprioceptors involved in reflexes

A

golgi tendon organ
muscle spindles

55
Q

List nociceptor involved in reflexes

A

free nerve endings in joint capsules and skin

56
Q

what does golgi tendon organs measure?

A

tension

57
Q

what does muscle spindles measure?

A

velocity of length change
length of muscle fiber

58
Q

what afferents innervate muscle spindles? what does each detect?

A

group 1A afferents - detect velocity of length change
group 2 - detect length of muscle fiber

59
Q

what motorneurons innervate muscle spindles?

A

static Y
dynamic Y

60
Q

which motor neurons and afferents innervate nuclear-bag fibers?

A

group 1A
dynamic y

61
Q

which motor neurons and afferents innervate nuclear chain fibers?

A

Group 1A
group 2
static y

62
Q

when a muscle is stretch which afferents are activated?

A

group 1A and group 2

63
Q

what is the role of a fibers and y fibers in a-y coactivation?

A

A-motor neurons activate extrafusal fibers -> shortening of muscle
y-motor neurons activate intrafusal fibers -> shortening of muscle spindle

64
Q

what dose the monosynaptic stretch reflex maintain?

A

posture and muscle tone

65
Q

Map out the flow of a monosynaptic stretch reflex (measured by -> activate -> excite)

A

stretch measures by muscle spindle -> activates sensory neuron -> a motor neuron excitation

66
Q

what does the 2 or more synpases in a polysnaptic stretch reflex allow for?

A

reciprocal innervation

67
Q

which is faster monosynaptic or polysynaptic stretch reflex?

A

monosynaptic

68
Q

Map out the flow of a polysnaptic stretch reflex

A

sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron

69
Q

which polysynaptic reflex activates extensors and inhibits opposing flexor?

A

stretch

70
Q

which polysynaptic reflex activates flexors and inhibits opposing extensors?

A

pain

71
Q

Map out the flow of a flexor withdrawl reflex

A

noxious stimulus activates nociceptor -> afferent pathway -> integrating center (spinal cord) -> efferent pathway -> flexor contract, extensor relax

72
Q

what allows for weight to be shifted to uninjured leg so we dont fall in the event of noxious stimulus to a root?

A

crossed extensor reflex

73
Q

what does the crossed extensor do?

A

contracts extensor muscle of opposite limb
flexes muscle of opposite limb

74
Q

what are the ascending afferent pathways?

A

dorsal lemniscus columns
ventral spinothalamic
lateral spinothalamic

75
Q

what does the dorsal lemniscus columns sense?

A

conscious muscle sense - awareness of body positions, crossed touch, pressure, vibration

76
Q

what does the lateral spinothalamic sense?

A

pain and temperature

77
Q

what does the ventral spinothalamic sense?

A

touch

78
Q

which two ascending afferent pathways cross?

A

lateral and ventral spinothalamic

79
Q

what is the cutaneous trunchi (panniculus) reflex?

A

cutaneous trunchi muscle sensory neurons respond to tactile stimulation -> skin contractions

80
Q

what happens if there is a lesion to the spinal cord that blocks the conduction of the afferent sensory tracts of the cutaneous trunch muscle?

A

arefexia - tactile stimulation no longer produces contractions

81
Q

what proprioception collected through?

A

golgi, muscle spindles, free nerve endings

82
Q

what is a segmental reflex?

A

transverse one or few segments of brain divisions

83
Q

what is a intersegmental reflex?

A

transverses several segments of spinal cord or several brain divisions

84
Q

what is a long-loop intersegmental reflex?

A

transverses many segments of spinal cord and/or brain divisions, enter and leaves CNS at same location

85
Q

which is a segmental, intersegmental, and long-loop intersegmental reflex?

A

A - segmental
B - intersegmental
C - long-loop intersegmental

86
Q

fill in the chart for the menace test

A

Physiology (8 decks)

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