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Physiology > Cortical Electrical Recordings > Flashcards

Cortical Electrical Recordings Flashcards

1
Q

define primary

A

genetic

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2
Q

define idiopathic

A

unknown

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3
Q

define symptomatic

A

known underlying cause: developmental, degenerative, inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, traumatic

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4
Q

define reactive

A

metabolic, nutritional, or toxic cause

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5
Q

define reflex epilepsy

A

sensory stimuli triggers an episode

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6
Q

define seizure

A

physical findings and/or changes in behavior that result from abnormal electrical activity in the brain

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7
Q

what effects can a seizure include

A

motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic effects

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8
Q

define epilepsy

A

abnormal activity in cerebral cortex that results in a seizure

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9
Q

what is an epileptic seizure a clinical sign of?

A

abnormal forebrain disorder

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10
Q

what is status epilepticus?

A

seizure lasts 5 min or longer within a few days or 2 seizures within 24 hours

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11
Q

what are cluster seizures?

A

increased frequency of seizures within a few days or 2 seizures w/in 24 hours

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12
Q

what are the 3 phases of epileptic seizure?

A

prodome
ictus
post-ictal period

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13
Q

what happens during the prodome period?

A

pre-ictal period; abnormal behavior may occur hours before ictus

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14
Q

what happens during the ictus period?

A

seizure lasting 1-2 minutes, characterized by loss of consciousness and alteration

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15
Q

what happens during the post-ictal period?

A

return to normal or altered behavior - recovery period

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16
Q

what does EEGs measure?

A

collective electrical activity of these neurons in cortex

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17
Q

how is the cortex organized?

A

layers and columns

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18
Q

what is in the layers of the cortex?

A

Layer 1 - glia cells and dendrites of neurons in lower layer
Layers 2-6 - stellate cells relieve afferents from brainstem sensory neurons, pyramidal cells send axons to other parts of cortex
Layer 4 - receives thalamic inputs
Layer 5 - motor efferent neurons to SC
Layer 6 - projections to basal ganglia and thalamus

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19
Q

what are the major cell types of the cortex?

A

pyrimidal neurons
stellate neurons
glial cells

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20
Q

what is a focal seizure

A

originates in localized portion of cortex = seizure focus

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21
Q

what is a generalized seizure

A

involves both hemispheres of brain
originates in thalamus with abnormal activity in thalamocortical circuit

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22
Q

what is a secondary generalized seizure?

A

focal seizure start locally and spreads to rest of cortex -> generalized seizure

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23
Q

what contributes to membrane potential and creation of action potentials?

A

ions
ion channels
pumps
pH

24
Q

what are the two kind of ion channels responsible for inhibitory and excitatory activity

A

voltage-gated channels
ligand-gated channels

25
Q

which ligand-gated channels causes hyperpolarization and which cause depolarization?

A

GABA - hyperpolarization
AMPA & NMDA - depolarization

26
Q

when might elipesy channelopathies occur?

A

mutations to various channels -> enhanced excitability or loss of inhibition

27
Q

what is a paroxysmal depolarization shift?

A

sudden, large, long depolarization

28
Q

what does a paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS) lead to?

A

train of AP
recurrent high frequency bursts of AP

29
Q

what causes the depolarization phase in PDS?

A

calcium and glutamate channel activation

30
Q

what receptors mediate and maintain initial and sustained depolarization in PDS

A

initial - AMPA
sustained - NMDA

31
Q

what causes the hyper polarization phase in PDS?

A

termination of PD -> Cl and K flux via GABA receptors

32
Q

how do PDS remain localized in healthy NS?

A

recurrent of axons affected -> active inhibitory interneurons -> dampens spread of seizure to neighboring cells

33
Q

what happens when surround inhibition breaks down?

A

seizure spreads

34
Q

when can a seizure spread?

A

neurons die - loss in inhibitory interneurons
channelopathies - disorders in ion channels -> high Na, Ca & low K

35
Q

what is detected on the EEG?

A
36
Q

how do electrodes on the surface of the scalp work?

A

detect transient electrical fields when individual neurons depolarize

37
Q

what is detected in practice from the electrodes?

A

average signal of all the depolarizing neurons in the cortex under the electrode on the scalp

38
Q

what will a positive voltage change do to the EEG?

A

downward reflection

39
Q

what will a negative voltage change do to the EEG?

A

upward deflection

40
Q

what are EEGs useful in?

A

identifying and classifying epilepsies
localizing lesion in cortex
sleep studies
legal determination of brain death

41
Q

what do the electrodes over the occipital lobe measure?

A

electrical activity related to vision

42
Q

how do alpha and beta waves look in awake EEG?

A

alpha - regular high amplitude sweeping pattern
beta - irregular and low amplitude

43
Q

is this patient awake or asleep

A

awake

44
Q

what are the characteristics of a sleeping slow wave EEG?

A

delta waves - slow wave sleep

45
Q

what is paradoxial sleep characterized by?

A

low amplitude, irregular EEG

46
Q

what EEG is similar to the awake eyes closed EEG?

A

sleeping EEG

47
Q

what EEG is similar to the awake eyes open EEG?

A

paradoxical sleep

48
Q

what is this the EEG of?

A

slow wave sleep

49
Q

what is this an EEG of?

A

paradoxical sleep

50
Q

what are sleep spindles in the sleeping EEG?

A

bursts of activity from the thalamus to the cortex

51
Q

what are K complexes?

A

extensive activities in the primary sensory corticles

52
Q

what can an EEG determine?

A

focal vs generalized seizure
part of cortex affected
how seizure spreads through cortex over time

53
Q

Can intracranial EEGs provide future ability to forecast seizures?

A

yes

54
Q

how does flashing lights induce seizures

A

photosensitive epilepsy - brain responds excessively to certain visual stimuli

55
Q

what explains rhodesian ridgebacks sensitivity to myoclonic jerks and photosensitive epilepsy?

A

4-bp deletion in DIRAs gene

Physiology (8 decks)

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