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BVSc2 AHS2 > Special senses - ears > Flashcards

Special senses - ears Flashcards

1
Q

What are the middle and inner ear housed in?

A

Temporal bone

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2
Q

What is the outer ear flap bit called?

A

Auricle/pinna

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3
Q

Ear canal name?

A

External auditory meatus

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4
Q

What nerve moves the auricle?

A

Facial nerve

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5
Q

What is the main notch in the ear called and what is it between?

A

Intertragic notch - between the tragus and antitragus

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6
Q

What is the margin of the auricle called?

A

Helix

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7
Q

What is it called when there is an ear infection and wat is used to treat it?

A

Erythema - red

Lateral wall resection

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8
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus lined with?

A

Skin containing sebaceous and ceruminous glands

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9
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus between?

A

Base of auricle and ear drum/tympanic membrane

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10
Q

What is the air filled space in the middle ear called?

A

Tympanic cavity

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11
Q

What is the middle ear in?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone - more dense bone

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12
Q

What is the bulge behind the ear called?

A

Tympanic bulla - involved in improving sound

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13
Q

What is the tympanic membrane made up of?

A

Double layer of epithelium with connective tissue between

Medial epithelium - cuboidal

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14
Q

What is the tympanic membrnae innervated by?

A

The auriculotemporal branch of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
auricular branch of vagus nerve

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15
Q

How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx? Why?

A

Via auditory tube

Equalises pressure

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16
Q

What are the windows between the middle and inner ear called?

A

Fenestra

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17
Q

What are the names of the two fenestra? Which are dorsal and ventral?

A

Vestibular/oval window - more dorsal

Cochlear/round window - more ventral

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18
Q

What are the names of the ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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19
Q

What attaches to the oval window?

A

Stapes

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20
Q

WHat is the function of ossicles?

A

Mediate the transmission of sound into the inner ear

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21
Q

What is the relationship of the middle ear with the facial nerve?

A

Enters the internal acoustic meatus with the vestibulocochlear nerve
Crosses the temporal bone
Exits at the stylomastoid foramen

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22
Q

What branch of the facial nerve is associated with the middle ear?

A

Chorda tympani branch

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23
Q

What does the chorda tympani branch do?

A

Lies on the upper part of the tympanic membrane

Supplies taste to the rostral 2/3 of the tongue

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24
Q

What are the two parts of the inner ear?

A

Membranous labyrinth

Bony labyrinth

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25
Q

What is in the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

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26
Q

What make up the bony labyrinth?

A

Semicircular canals
Cochlear
Vestibule - containing utricle and saccule

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27
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Converts sound to an electrical signal

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28
Q

What are the 3 sections of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Scala media

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29
Q

What do the scala tympani and scala vestibuli contain?

A

Perilymph

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30
Q

What does the scala media contain?

A

Endolymph

31
Q

What does the scala vestibuli do?

A

Take the sound waves from the stapes/oval window to the helicotrema (apex)

32
Q

What does the scala tympani do?

A

Take sound waves from the helicotrema to the round window

33
Q

What separates scala media from scala vestibuli?

A

Vestibular membrane

34
Q

What separates scala media from scala tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

35
Q

What other membrane does the scala media contain?

A

Tectorial membrane

36
Q

What is the main thing that is in the scala media?

A

Organ of Corti

37
Q

What specialised receptors detect rotational movement?

A

Ampullary crests

38
Q

What specialised receptors detect position of head and linear movements?

A

Maculae - otolith organs

39
Q

What are the semicircular canals filled with?

A

Endolymph

40
Q

What contains the hair cells in the semicircular canals?

A

Ampulla

41
Q

What do the stereocilia of the hair cells in the semicircular canals project into?

A

Cupola

42
Q

What does the utricle detect?

A

Horizontal movements

43
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

Vertical movements

44
Q

What do the stereocilia project into in the maculae?

A

Otolith membrane

45
Q

What is in the otolish membrane and why?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals to increase the mass so it lags behind in acceleration

46
Q

What are the two parts of the maculae

A

Utricle and saccule

47
Q

What are the outer and middle ear refered to as compared to the inner ear?

A

Outer and middle - conductive

Inner - sensory

48
Q

What is impedance matching?

A

Fluid has greater inertia so takes more energy to move it

Therefore eardrum has a bigger SA than the oval window and ossicles have a lever action

49
Q

What is the makeup of perilymph?

A

Low potassion conc

Potential of 0mV

50
Q

What is the makeup of endolymph?

A

High potassium conc

High potential of 18mV

51
Q

Where is the organ of corti located?

A

On the basilar membrane in the scala media

52
Q

What do the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cochlea project into?

A

The tectorial membrane

53
Q

What are the two type sof hair cells in the cochlea?

A

Inner hair cells and outer hair cells

54
Q

What shape are inner hair cells?

A

Flask shaped

55
Q

What type of innervation are inner hair cells?

A

Afferent

56
Q

What shape are outer hair cells?

A

Columnar

57
Q

What type of innervation are outer hair cells?

A

Efferent

58
Q

How many rows of hairs are on outer and inner hair cells?

A

1 on inner

3 on outer

59
Q

What are inner hair cells responsible for?

A

Sound encoding - turning sounds into electrical signals

60
Q

What are outer hair cells responsible for?

A

Sound amplification and tuning

61
Q

What does movement of the stereocilia cause?

A

Tension on the tip links which opens transducer channels causing depolarisation

62
Q

What is the phase locking mechanism?

A

Where the electrical activity is linked to the peak of the wave of the initial stimulus
doesnt happen at higher freqs than 4kHz

63
Q

What allows hearing of higher frequencies?

A

Tonotopy

64
Q

What is tonotopy?

A

The spacial arrangement of frequency information provided by the basilar membrane

65
Q

What are the structural differences in the basilar membrane?

A

Narrow and stiff at base - high freqs

Wide and floppy at apex - low freqs

66
Q

How are these different regions of the basilar membrane detected in the brain?

A

Isofrequency bands in the auditory cortex

67
Q

How is loudness encoded?

A

Different afferent nerves
High spontaneous rate fibers - low sounds
medium “
Low “ - only activated at highest frequency, dont get saturated

68
Q

What does depolarisation of the outer hair cells cause?

A

Activation of prestin which causes cells to shorted and amplify the movement of het basilar membrane

69
Q

What is the primary central pathway?

A

Spiral ganglion - ventral cochlear nucleus - superior olive - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate nucleus -auditory cortex

70
Q

How is sound localised?

A

Low freqs - time difference to each ear

High freqs - interaural intensity difference

71
Q

What reflex detects deafness?

A

Preyer’s reflex - startle

72
Q

How are vestibular cells activated?

A

Directionally sensitive
Towards tallest kinocilia - depolarisation, excitation
Towards shortest - hyperpolarisation, less excitation

73
Q

What is the place in the utricle and saccule where the stereocilia are oriented in opposite directions?

A

Striola

74
Q

What does orthogonal mean?

A

Oriented at 90 degrees to each other

BVSc2 AHS2 (9 decks)

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