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BVSc2 AHS2 > Exotics - birds > Flashcards

Exotics - birds Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristics do birds and reptiles share?

A

Scales on beak legs and feet
Single occipital condyle
Single middle ear bone
Jaw bone made up of 5 fused bones

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2
Q

What are the red features of the head?

A

Comb, wattles and ear lobe

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3
Q

What are the comb and wattles made up of and what for?

A

Thickened dermis forming vascularised structures that aid with heat loss

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4
Q

What feature on the head can be used for sex/ age determination?

A

Cere

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5
Q

What type of feet do chickens have?

A

Anisodactyl - first digit points caudally, others point forwards

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6
Q

What type of feet do parrots have?

A

Zygodactyl - digits 2 and 3 point forwards, 1 and 4 point backwards

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7
Q

What is the name for webbed feet?

A

Palmate

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8
Q

What is the beak made up of?

A

Horny keratinised epithelium, vascular dermis then bone

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9
Q

What is the keratin layer of the beak called? Upper and lower beak?

A

Rhampotheca
Rhinotheca - upper
Gnathotheca - lower

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10
Q

How are waterfowls tongues adapted?

A

Lateral side of tongue has bristles, act as a filter system for food particles

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11
Q

What is blinking mainly done by in birds?

A

The nictitating membrane - third eyelid

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12
Q

What part of the skull is very big in birds?

A

Optic lobe - rostral colliculus

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13
Q

What is different about bird irises?

A

Made of striated muscle - can voluntarily retract pupil

Usually dark except in some eg. owls where get paler during breeding season

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14
Q

What reflex do birds not have to do with vision?

A

No consensual light reflex - pupils dont constrict at the same time

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15
Q

Why dont birds have the consensual light reflex?

A

Complete decussation of the optic nerves

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16
Q

What is the vascular structure that nourishes the eye called?

A

Pectan

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17
Q

What are the different types of eyes?

A

Flat
Globular
Tubular - nocturnal, very good visual acuity

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18
Q

What are the wing/flight feathers called?

A

Remiges

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19
Q

What are the primary remiges attached to?

A

Everything distal to the carpus

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20
Q

What are the secondary remiges attached to?

A

The ulna

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21
Q

What are the little feathers which cover the body called?

A

Coverts

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22
Q

WHat are the tail feathers called?

A

Rectrices

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23
Q

What do the rectrices attach to?

A

Pygostyle

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24
Q

What is the pygostyle?

A

Fusion of the caudal vertebrae

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25
Q

What are the scales on a birds feet called?

A

Podotheca

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26
Q

What are hairless feather tracts called?

A

Pterylae

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27
Q

What is the name of the leading edge of the wing?

A

Propertagium

patagia - fold of skin

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28
Q

What is used for venepuncture in a bird?

A

Deep ulnar vein
Right jugular vein
Medial metatarsal vein

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29
Q

What is the name for the gland that aids with waterproofing and feather condition? Where is it found?

A

Uropygial gland - above tail feathers

30
Q

What occurs in prokinesis?

A

Depression of the mandible leads to elevation of the maxilla at the craniofacial hinge joint

31
Q

What bones are responsible for prokinesis?

A

Articular bone - rotating

Quadrate bone - articular bone presses against it and in turn it presses against the paletine bone, lifting hte maxilla

32
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do birds have?

A

14

33
Q

What are the fused thoracic vertebrae called?

A

Notarium

34
Q

What is the fusion of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae with the pelvis called?

A

Synsacrum

35
Q

What are the fused clavicles/wishbone called?

A

Furcola

36
Q

What does the notarium have which can be a problem?

A

Free synovial joint which can slip and compress spinal cord - ankylosing spondylolisthesis

37
Q

What does the furcola do?

A

Opens during downbeat

Elastic energy is used to aid with the upbeat

38
Q

What is a feature of the humerus?

A

Pneumatised - clavicular air sacs extend into it

39
Q

What does the coracoid bone attach to in birds?

A

The sternum

40
Q

What are the two flight muscles?

A

Supracoracoideus

Pectorals

41
Q

What is the function of the supracoracoideus?

A

Responsible for the upbeat

42
Q

Where does the supracoracoideus attach to and how?

A

Dorsal part of the humerous - through the Triosseal canal

43
Q

What is different about diving birds skulls?

A

Small neres/nostrils

44
Q

What are the internal nares called in a bird?

A

Choanae

45
Q

What does the choanae sit on top of in birds?

A

The glottis - opening to trachea

46
Q

What does the trachea end in in birds?

A

Syrinx - larynx equivalent

47
Q

What are features of the sturnum?

A

Long
coils at sturnum
Complete interlocking rings
High deadspace

48
Q

What are the vocal cord equivalent called in birds?

A

Tympaniform membranes

49
Q

What are used to manipiulate the tympaniform membranes?

A

5 pairs of syringeal muscles

50
Q

What is the enlargement of the syrinx called? What does it do?

A

Osseus bulla

Increases the resonance to create a different call

51
Q

What are the different sections of bird lungs?

A

Primary bronchi
Mesobronchi
Parabronchi

52
Q

What are bird lungs made up of?

A

Firm spongy tissue

No alveoli

53
Q

What is airflow categorised as in birds?

A

Bidirectional

54
Q

How does the air sac system work in birds?

A

2 cycles of inspiration and expiration for a bolus of air to go all the way through
Only one way through the parabronchi/lungs
Insp - caudal air sacs
Exp - parabronchi
Insp - cranial air sacs
Exp - out again

55
Q

What is a feature of the oesophagus?

A

Crop

Oesophagus deviates to the right

56
Q

What are the two sections of the stomach called and what are they made up of?

A

Proventriculus - glandular stomach

Ventriculus - muscular gizzard

57
Q

What is the crop for?

A

Temporary food storage

Crop milk to feed young

58
Q

What is the gizzard for?

A

Grinding up food - replaces teeth

Contains small bits of grit

59
Q

How many lobes does a bird liver have?

A

2 - left and right

60
Q

Where is the pancreas located in birds?

A

Between a double loop of duodenum

61
Q

What kind of caecum do granivorous birds have?

A

Paired caeca

62
Q

Where is the caeca located in birds?

A

Arise at junction of ileum and colorectum

63
Q

What is the part of the cloaca where faeces are excreted?

A

Coprodeum

64
Q

How do birds mate?

A

Cloacal kissing

65
Q

What birds have a phallus?

A

Ducks, swans and geese

66
Q

What shape is the phallus?

A

Corkscrew

67
Q

Where is the ovum fertilised?

A

Oviduct

68
Q

What is the area that adds the ‘egg white’ and what is the egg white called?

A

Magnum

Albumin

69
Q

Where is the shell added?

A

Shell gland - uterus

70
Q

What is the part of the oviduct that is after the magnum?

A

Isthmus

71
Q

What is the structure of a birds kidney?

A

Only a few loops of henle - between a mammal and a reptile

72
Q

How is salt removed from a sea birds blood stream?

A

Salt glands in nose

BVSc2 AHS2 (9 decks)

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