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Anatomy > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

_ percent of all sensory receptors are in the eyes

A

70 %

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2
Q

each eye has over _ nerve fibers

A

a million

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3
Q

most of the eye is enclosed in _

A

a bony orbit

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4
Q

a cushion of _ surrounds most of the eye

A

fat

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5
Q

_ meet at the medial & lateral commissure (_)

A

eyelids, (canthus)

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6
Q

_ are tarsal glands that produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye

A

eyelashes

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7
Q

_ is a membrane that lines the eyelids

A

conjunctiva

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8
Q

_ connects to the outer surface of the eye

A

conjunctiva

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9
Q

_ secretes mucus to lubricate the eye & keep it moist

A

conjunctiva

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10
Q

_= lacrimal gland + ducts

A

lacrimal appartatus

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11
Q

_ produces lacrimal fluid; situated on the lateral aspect of each eye

A

lacrimal gland

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12
Q

_- drain lacrimal fluid from eyes medially

A

lacrimal caniliculi

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13
Q

_- provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity

A

lacrimal sac

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14
Q

_- empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

A

nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

protects, moistens, & lubricates the eye

A

lacrimal apparatus

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16
Q

empties into the nasal cavity

A

lacrimal apparatus

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17
Q

Tears are a.k.a…

A

lacrimal secretions

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18
Q

Lacrimal secretions contain: (4 things)

A

mucus, antibodies, dilute salt solution, lysozyme

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19
Q

an enzyme that destroys bacteria

A

lysozyme

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20
Q

How many muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye?

A

6 muscles

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21
Q

extrinsic eye muscles produce what?

A

produce eye movements

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22
Q

the 3 layers that form the wall of the eyeball

A

Fibrous layer (outside), Vascular layer (middle), Sensory layer (inside)

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23
Q

white connective tissue area of eye

A

sclera

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24
Q

seen anteriorly as the ‘white of the eye’

A

sclera

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25
Q

transparent, central anterior portion of eye

A

cornea

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26
Q

allows for light to pass through

A

cornea

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27
Q

repairs itself easily

A

cornea

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28
Q

the only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection

A

cornea

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29
Q

a blood-rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye

A

choroid

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30
Q

pigments prevents light from scattering

A

choroid

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31
Q

modified anteriorly into 2 structures

A

vascular layer

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32
Q

smooth muscle attached to lens

A

ciliary body

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33
Q

regulates amount of light entering eye

A

iris

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34
Q

pigmented layer that gives eye color

A

iris

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35
Q

rounded opening in the iris

A

pupil

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36
Q

2 layers of the retina

A

outer pigmented layer & inner neural layer

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37
Q

which layer contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)

A

sensory layer

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38
Q

what are the 2 receptor cells?

A

rods & cones

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39
Q

sclera & cornea are in which layer?

A

fibrous layer

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40
Q

choroid, ciliary body, iris, & pupil are in which layer?

A

vascular layer

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41
Q

retina, rods & cones are in which layer?

A

sensory layer

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42
Q

signals pass from photoreceptors via a _?

A

a two-neuron chain

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43
Q

signals pass from the photoreceptors via a _, in which layer?

A

sensory layer

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44
Q

which 2 neurons are a part of the 2 neuron chain in the sensory layer?

A

bipolar neurons, ganglion cells

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45
Q

signals leave the retina toward the _ and through the _

A

toward the brain and through the optic nerve

46
Q

where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

A

optic disc (blind spot)

47
Q

cannot see images focused on the _

A

optic disc

48
Q

neurons of the retina & vision are in which layer?

A

sensory layer

49
Q

most are found towards the edges of the retina

A

rods

50
Q

allow dim light vision & peripheral vision

A

rods

51
Q

all perception is in gray tones

A

rods

52
Q

allow for detailed color vision

A

cones

53
Q

densest in the center of the retina

A

cones

54
Q

lateral to blind spot

A

fovea centralis

55
Q

area of the retina with only cones

A

fovea centralis

56
Q

visual acuity (sharpest vision) is here

A

fovea centralis

57
Q

no photoreceptor cells are at the _

A

optic disc

58
Q

biconvex crystal-like structure

A

lens

59
Q

held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

A

lens

60
Q

anterior to the lens

A

anterior (aqueous) segment (chamber)

61
Q

contains aqueous humor

A

anterior segment

62
Q

anterior chamber aka…

A

aqueous chamber

63
Q

posterior to the lens

A

posterior (vitreous) segment (chamber)

64
Q

contains vitreous humor

A

posterior segment

65
Q

posterior segment aka…

A

vitreous chamber

66
Q

a way to get nutrients to the cells that are constantly regenerating

A

aqueous humor

67
Q

watery fluids found bw lens & cornea

A

aqueous humor

68
Q

similar to blood plasma

A

aqueous humor

69
Q

helps maintain intraocular pressure *

A

aqueous humor & vitreous humor

70
Q

aqueous humor is a part of which segment?

A

anterior segment

71
Q

provides nutrients for the lens & cornea *

A

aqueous humor

72
Q

reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm

A

aqueous humor

73
Q

gel-like substance posterior to the lens

A

vitreous humor

74
Q

vitreous humor is a part of which segment?

A

posterior segment

75
Q

prevents the eye from collapsing

A

vitreous humor

76
Q

light must be focused to a point on the _ for optimal vision

A

retina

77
Q

the eye is set for _ vision

A

distance vision

78
Q

distance vision is about how many feet?

A

over 20 feet away

79
Q

the lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away), what is this called?

A

accomodation

80
Q

images formed on the retina are called:

A

real images

81
Q

what is reversed from left to right, upside down, & smaller than the object?

A

real images

82
Q

location where the optic nerves cross

A

optic chiasma

83
Q

fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain, what is this called?

A

optic chiasma

84
Q

contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side & the medial side of the opposite eye

A

optic tracts

85
Q

name an eye reflex

A

photopupillary reflex

86
Q

internal muscles are controlled by which system?

A

the autonomic nervous system

87
Q

bright light causes pupils to constrict through the action of which 3 muscles?

A

radial, circular, & ciliary muscles

88
Q

in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at distant object (and vice versa)

A

accommodation (reflex)

89
Q

_ muscles control eye movement to follow objects

A

external muscles

90
Q

viewing close objects causes _

A

convergence (eyes moving medially)

91
Q

eye focuses images on the retina properly

A

emmetropia

92
Q

Myopia is _sighted

A

nearsighted

93
Q

distant objects are blurry, what is this called?

A

myopia

94
Q

light from those objects fails to reach the retina & are focused in front of it

A

myopia

95
Q

results from an eyeball that is too long

A

myopia

96
Q

hyperopia is _sighted

A

farsighted

97
Q

near objects appear blurry while distant objects are clear

A

hyperopia

98
Q

distant objects are focused behind the retina

A

hyperopia

99
Q

results from an eyeball that is too short or from a “lazy lens”

A

hyperopia

100
Q

images are blurry, results from focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens

A

astigmatism

101
Q

inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night

A

night blindness

102
Q

genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors

A

color blindness

103
Q

due to the lack of 1 type of cone

A

(partial) color blindness

104
Q

when lens becomes hard & opaque, our vision becomes lazy & distorted

A

cataracts

105
Q

can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye

A

glaucoma

106
Q

loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes; results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only

A

hemianopia

107
Q

instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball

A

ophthalmoscope

108
Q

can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve & retina

A

ophthalmoscope

109
Q

night blindness, color blindness, & cataracts are all what?

A

homeostatic imbalances of the eyes

110
Q

glaucoma, & hemianopia are both what?

A

homeostatic imbalances of the eyes

Anatomy (7 decks)

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