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Anatomy > Nervous System Test 1/23/14 > Flashcards

Nervous System Test 1/23/14 Flashcards

1
Q

list 3 major functions of the nervous system

A

-to gather info -to process & interpret sensory input & decide if action is needed -to cause immediate responses

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2
Q

what is the nervous system subdivision that’s composed of the brain & spinal cord?

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities; activation of the skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system (voluntary)

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4
Q

nervous system subdivision that’s composed of the cranial/ spinal nerves, & ganglia

A

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart & smooth muscle & of glands; involuntary nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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6
Q

a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets info & gives orders

A

central nervous sytem

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7
Q

a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as the communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

Describe 3 parts of the functional pathway

A

-Sensory input: monitors changes occurring in/outside of body -Integration: to interpret sensory input & decide if action is needed -Motor output: to activate muscles/ glands (to respond to the stimuli)

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9
Q

organs of the CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

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10
Q

Carries impulses to & from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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11
Q

Carries impulses to & from brain

A

Cranial nervies

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12
Q

serves as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain & spinal cord & glands or muscles

A

PNS

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13
Q

nerves extending from the brain & spinal cord

A

PNS

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14
Q

CNS or PNS?: interprets incoming sensory info, & issues outgoing instructions

A

CNS

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15
Q

Sensory division, a.k.a…

A

afferent division

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16
Q

motor division, a.k.a…

A

efferent division

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17
Q

nerve fibers that carry info to the CNS

A

sensory division

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18
Q

nerve fibers that carry info away from the CNS

A

motor division

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19
Q

the 2 subdivisions of motor division

A

somatic & autonomic nervous systems

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20
Q

2 major subdivisions of PNS

A

sensory & motor divisions

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21
Q

consciously controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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22
Q

somatic or autonomic? Involuntary

A

autonomic

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23
Q

somatic or autonomic? Voluntary

A

somatic

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24
Q

further divided into sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems

A

autonomic nervous system

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25
Q

cell bodies of neurons

A

ganglia

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26
Q

nervous tissue is made up of 2 types of cells called:

A

supporting cells & neurons

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27
Q

support cells in the CNS are grouped together as “___”

A

neuroglia

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28
Q

general functions of support cells or neuroglia

A

support, insulate, & protect neurons

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29
Q

abundant, star-shaped cells

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

brace (support) neurons

A

astrocytes

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31
Q

form barrier bw capillaries & neurons

A

astrocytes

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32
Q

control the chemical environment of the brain

A

astrocytes

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33
Q

spider-like phagocytes

A

microglia

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34
Q

dispose of debris > “cell-eaters”

A

microglia

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35
Q

line cavities of the brain & spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

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36
Q

cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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37
Q

wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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38
Q

produce myelin sheaths, fatty insulating coverings

A

oligodendrocytes

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39
Q

2 types of support cells in PNS

A

satellite & schwann cells

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40
Q

protect neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

A

satellite cells

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41
Q

form myelin sheath in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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42
Q

Support Cells v. Neurons: both have extensions coming from a _______

A

larger body cell portion

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43
Q

support cells, neurons, both, or neither can transmit impulses?

A

Support Cells cannot transmit impulses, Neurons can

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44
Q

Support Cells V. Neurons: ___ never lose ability to divide, unlike ___

A

Support Cells never lose the ability to divide, unlike Neurons

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45
Q

Support Cells v. Neurons: Most brain tumors usually consist of ___

A

supporting cells

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46
Q

nerve cells, a.k.a…

A

neurons

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47
Q

cells specialized to transmit messages

A

neurons

48
Q

___-nucleus & metabolic center of the cell

A

cell body

49
Q

___- fibers that extend from the cell body

A

processes

50
Q

specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

nissl bodies

51
Q

intermediate cytoskeleton, maintains cell shape

A

neurofibrils

52
Q

conduct impulses TOWARD the cell body

A

dendrites

53
Q

conduct impulses AWAY from the cell body

A

axons

54
Q

neurons may have hundreds of ___, but only 1 ___

A

neurons may have hundreds of DENDRITES, but only 1 AXON

55
Q

an axon arises from the cone-like region of the cell body, called the…

A

axon hillock

56
Q

___ contains vesicles w/ neurotransmitters

A

axon terminals

57
Q

___- gap between adjacent neurons ___- junction bw nerves

A

synaptic cleft- gap between adjacent neurons synapse- junction bw nerves

58
Q

whitish, fatty material covering axons

A

myelin sheath

59
Q

protects & insulates nerve fibers & increases speed of nerve impulse transmission

A

myelin sheath

60
Q

produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll-like fashion around axons (PNS)

A

schwann cells

61
Q

gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

62
Q

produce myelin sheaths around axons of the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

63
Q

most neuron cell bodies are found where?

A

CNS

64
Q

cell bodies & unmyelinated (no insulating cells) fibers

A

gray matter

65
Q

clusters of cell bodies within the white matter (with myelinated fibers) of the CNS

A

nuclei

66
Q

collections of cell bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglia

67
Q

bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS

A

tracts

68
Q

bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS

A

nerves

69
Q

collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)

A

white matter

70
Q

collections of mostly unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies

A

gray matter

71
Q

carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

72
Q

detect pain and touch

A

cutaneous sense receptors

73
Q

detect stretch or tension in skel muscles, tendons, & joints

A

proprioceptors

74
Q

carry impulses away from the CNS to internal organs, muscles, glands

A

motor neurons

75
Q

found in neural pathways in the CNS

A

interneurons (association neurons)

76
Q

connect sensory & motor neurons

A

interneurons (association neurons)

77
Q

all motor & interneurons are ___

A

multipolar (most common structure)

78
Q

Many extensions from the cell body.

A

multipolar neurons

79
Q

located in special sense organs (nose & eyes). Rare in adults.

A

bipolar neurons

80
Q

have a short single process leaving the cell body// sensory neurons found in PNS ganglia

A

unipolar neurons

81
Q

ability to respond to stimuli

A

irritability

82
Q

ability to transmit an impulse

A

conductivity

83
Q

resting neuron: the plasma membrane at rest is ___

A

Polarized. fewer + ions are inside the cell than outside the cell

84
Q

A stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane.

A

depolarization

85
Q

Membrane is now permeable to sodium as sodium channels open

A

depolarization

86
Q

a ________ allows sodium to flow inside the membrane

A

a depolarized membrane

87
Q

the movement of ions irritates a(n) ____ in the neuron due to a stimulus

A

action potential

88
Q

a ___________ (localized depolarization) exists where the inside of the membrane is more positive & the outside is less positive

A

a graded potential

89
Q

if enough sodium enters the cell, the action potential (nerve impulse) starts & is ___ over the entire axon

A

propagated

90
Q

impulses travel faster when fibers have a _______

A

myelin sheath

91
Q

potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which ___ the membrane

A

repolarizes

92
Q

repolarization involves restoring the inside of the membrane to a ___ charge, and the outside to a ___ charge

A

inside= negative

outside= positive

93
Q

Repolarization: Initial ionic conditions are restored using the ___________

A

sodium-potassium pump.

This pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration

94
Q

repolarization: 3 ___ ions are ejected from the cell while 2 ___ ions are returned to the cell

A

3 sodium

2 potassium

95
Q

when the action potential reaches the axon terminal, the electrical charge opens ____ channels

A

calcium channels

96
Q

calcium, in turn, causes the tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical to fuse with the ______________

A

axonal membrane

97
Q

the entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes openings to form, releasing the ____

A

transmitter

98
Q

the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synapse & bind to ___ on the membranes of the next neuron

A

receptors

99
Q

eventually a(n) __________ (nerve impulse) will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse

A

action potential

100
Q

the electrical changes prompted by neurotransmitter binding are ____

A

brief

101
Q

at the end of Transmission of a signal at synapses, the neurotransmitter is quickly _____ from the synapse

A

removed

102
Q

the pathway that information will flow

A

the reflex arc

103
Q

____- rapid, predictable, & involuntary response to a stimulus.

Occurs over pathways called _________

A
  • Reflex
  • Reflex Arcs
104
Q

direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

A

reflex arc

105
Q

2 types of reflex arcs:

somatic- reflexes that stimulate ________

autonomic- regulate the activity of _________, the heart, & glands

A

somatic- skeletal muscles

autonomic- smooth muscles

106
Q

pulling hand away from hot object: example of which reflex arc?

A

somatic

107
Q

regulation of smooth muscles, heart & bp, glands, digestive system: example of which reflex arc?

A

autonomic

108
Q

what are the 5 elements of a reflex?

A

sensory receptor-

sensory neuron-

integration center-

motor neuron-

effector organ-

109
Q

reacts to a stimulus

A

sensory receptor

110
Q

carries message to the integration center

A

sensory neuron

111
Q

(CNS) processes information & directs motor output

A

integration center

112
Q

carries message to an effector

A

motor neuron

113
Q

is the muscle/gland to be stimulated

A

effector organ

114
Q

simplest type of reflex arc & example

A

two-neuron reflex arc

Ex: Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

115
Q
  • consists of 5 elements: receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, & effector.
  • Also give example.
A
  • three-neuron reflex arc
  • Ex: Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
116
Q
A

Anatomy (7 decks)

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