Endocrine System Flashcards
second controlling system of the body
endocrine system
nervous system is the _ system
fast-control
uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood
endocrine system
hormones of the endocrine system control which 5 processes?
reproduction, growth & development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism
_ are produced by specialized cells
hormones
cells secrete hormones into _
extracellular fluids
blood transfers hormones to _
target sites
these hormones regulate _
the activity of other cells
3 major classifications of hormones
amino-acid based, steroids, prostaglandins
includes proteins, peptides, amines
amino acid-based
made from cholesterol
steroids
made from highly active lipid
prostaglandins
_ affect only certain tissues or organs ( target cells or target organs)
hormones
_ must have specific protein receptors
target cells
hormone-binding alters _
cellular activity
effects caused by hormones: changes in plasma membrane _ or _ state
permeability or electrical state
allows things to pass into cells, and permeate through the plasma membrane
hormones
effects caused by hormones: synthesis of _, such as enzymes
proteins
effects caused by hormones: activation or inactivation of _
enzymes
effects caused by hormones: stimulation of _
mitosis
a type of cell reproduction
mitosis
effects caused by hormones: promotion of _ activity
secretory
the 2 mechanisms in which hormones act
direct gene activation and second-messenger system
_ aka steroid hormone action
direct gene activation
_ aka nonsteroid hormone action
second-messenger system
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones can go through the cell membrane?
direct gene activation
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones enter the nucleus
direct gene activation
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
direct gene activation
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to specific sites on the cell’s dna
direct gene activation
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
direct gene activation
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to a membrane receptor
second-messenger system
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones do not enter the cell (doesn’t permeate through the membrane
second-messenger system
which of the 2 hormone mechanisms sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
second-messenger system
which of the 2 hormone mechanisms catalyzes a reaction that produces a _ molecule, such as cAMP
second-messenger system, and a second-messenger molecule
which of the 2 hormone mechanisms oversee additional intracellular changes to promote specific response
second-messenger system
hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by _
negative feedback
a _ or _ hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormones
a stimulus, or low hormone levels
_ release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached
hormone
most common stimuli
hormonal stimuli
Anterior pituitary hormones travel to target glands, like the thyroid gland, to prompt the release of a particular hormone, like the thyroid hormone:: This is an example of _
hormonal stimuli of endocrine glands
changing blood levels of certain _ stimulate hormone release
ions
‘Humoral’ indicates various _ such as _ & bile
body fluids, such as blood & bile
parathyroid hormone & calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels
humoral stimuli of endocrine glands
insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels
humoral stimuli of endocrine glands
nerve impulses stimulate _
hormone release
neural stimuli of endocrine glands: most are under control of the _
sympathetic nervous system
the release of norepinephrine & epinephrine by the adrenal medulla is an example of:
neural stimuli of endocrine glands
name the 9 major endocrine organs:
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal, thymus, pancreas, gonads (ovaries/testes), hypothalmus
size of a pea
pituitary gland
hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain
pituitary gland
name the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary &
posterior pituitary
name the type of tissues for the anterior & posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary- glandular tissue
posterior pituitary- nervous tissue
often called the “master endocrine gland”
pituitary gland
how many anterior pituitary hormones are there?
6
name the 2 hormones of the anterior pituitary that affect non-endocrine targets
growth hormone, & prolactin
name the 4 hormones of the anterior pituitary that stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone), adrenocorticotropic hormone, 2 gonadotropic hormones
name the 3 characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones
proteins (peptides), act through second messenger systems, regulated by hormonal stimuli-mostly negative feedback
general metabolic hormone
growth hormone
growth hormone: major effects are directed to _
growth of skeletal muscles & long bones
plays a role in determining final body size
growth hormone
growth hormone: causes amino acids to be built into _
proteins
causes fats to be broken down into a source of energy
growth hormone
stimulates & maintains milk production following childbirth
Rolactin (PRL)
describe the function of Rolactin in males
it is unknown
regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
influences growth & activity of the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
gonadotropic hormones
stimulates follicle development in ovaries
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates sperm development in testes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
triggers ovulation of an egg
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates testosterone production in males
luteinizing hormone (LH)
hormonal release is regulated by releasing & inhibiting hormones produced by the _
hypothalamus
name the hormones that the hypothalamus produces
oxycontin, & antidiuretic hormone
hormones of the hypothalamus are transported to _ cells of the _ pituitary
neurosecretory cells, of the posterior pituitary
_ is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones.
posterior pituitary
stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, love, & breastfeeding.
oxycontin
causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
oxycontin
inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): in large amounts, causes _ leading to _
vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure
AKA vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a gland found at the base of the throat
thyroid gland
consists of 2 lobes & connecting isthmus
thyroid gland
produces the hormone calcitonin
thyroid gland
produces the thyroid hormone
thyroid gland
major metabolic hormone
thyroid hormone
composed of 2 active iodine-containing hormones
thyroid hormone
thyroxine (T4)- secreted by _
thyroid follicles
triiodothyronine (T3)- conversion of _ at target tissues
T4
name the 2 active iodine-containing hormones
thyroxine & triiodothyronine
goiter is a hormone disorder that comes from which gland?
thyroid
Goiter: thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of _
iodine
_ salt prevents goiters
iodized
caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
cretinism
results in dwarfism during childhood
cretinism
caused by hypothyroidism in adults
myxedema
result is physical/mental sluggishness
myxedema
caused by hypothyroidism
graves’ disease
results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, & exopthalmos
graves’ disease
where is calcitonin found?
thyroid gland
desceases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
calcitonin
antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
thyroid gland is exact opposite to _
parathyroid
tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
parathyroid glands
where are parathyroid glands found?
posterior of the thyroid
secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid glands
stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
parathyroid hormone
stimulate the kidneys/intestine to absorb more calcium
parathyroid hormone
raises calcium levels in the bone
parathyroid hormone
lowers calcium levels
calcitonin
sit on top of the kidneys
adrenal gland
name the 2 regions of the adrenal glands
adrenal medulla & cortex
name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and their order
mineralcorticoids (outermost layer), glucocorticoids (middle), sex hormones (innermost)
inner neural tissue region
adrenal medulla
name the 2 functions of mineralcorticosteroids
regulate mineral content in blood, regulate water & electrolyte balance
target organ is the kidney
mineralcorticosteroids
produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
promote normal cell metabolism
glucocorticoids
help resist long-term stressors
glucocorticoids
released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
glucocorticoids
produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
sex hormones
mostly androgens are made but some estrogens are also formed throughout life
sex hormones, (androgens=male sex hormones)
addisons disease is a disorder that comes from where?
adrenal cortex
results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones
addisons disease
bronze skin tone, weak muscles, easy infection
addisons disease
may result from an ACTH-releasing tumor
hyperaldosteronism
excess water & sodium are retained leading to high BP & edema
hyperaldosteronism
cushings syndrome comes from where?
adrenal cortex
results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the adrenal cortex
cushings syndrome
“moon face,” “buffalo hump,” high bp, hyperglycemia, weakening bones, depression: effects of what?
cushings syndrome
results from hypersecretion of sex hormones
masculinization
name the 2 hormones of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine & norepinephrine
epinephrine aka…
adrenaline
norepinephrine aka…
noradrenaline
these hormones prepare the body for short-term stress - fight or flight
epinephrine & norepinephrine
increasing heart rate, bp, blood glucose levels, dilating small passageways of lungs: comes from which hormones?
epinephrine & norepinephrine
epinephrine & norepinephrine come from where?
adrenal medulla
masculinization comes from where?
adrenal cortex
