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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

second controlling system of the body

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

nervous system is the _ system

A

fast-control

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3
Q

uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

hormones of the endocrine system control which 5 processes?

A

reproduction, growth & development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism

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5
Q

_ are produced by specialized cells

A

hormones

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6
Q

cells secrete hormones into _

A

extracellular fluids

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7
Q

blood transfers hormones to _

A

target sites

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8
Q

these hormones regulate _

A

the activity of other cells

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9
Q

3 major classifications of hormones

A

amino-acid based, steroids, prostaglandins

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10
Q

includes proteins, peptides, amines

A

amino acid-based

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11
Q

made from cholesterol

A

steroids

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12
Q

made from highly active lipid

A

prostaglandins

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13
Q

_ affect only certain tissues or organs ( target cells or target organs)

A

hormones

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14
Q

_ must have specific protein receptors

A

target cells

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15
Q

hormone-binding alters _

A

cellular activity

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16
Q

effects caused by hormones: changes in plasma membrane _ or _ state

A

permeability or electrical state

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17
Q

allows things to pass into cells, and permeate through the plasma membrane

A

hormones

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18
Q

effects caused by hormones: synthesis of _, such as enzymes

A

proteins

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19
Q

effects caused by hormones: activation or inactivation of _

A

enzymes

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20
Q

effects caused by hormones: stimulation of _

A

mitosis

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21
Q

a type of cell reproduction

A

mitosis

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22
Q

effects caused by hormones: promotion of _ activity

A

secretory

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23
Q

the 2 mechanisms in which hormones act

A

direct gene activation and second-messenger system

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24
Q

_ aka steroid hormone action

A

direct gene activation

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25
Q

_ aka nonsteroid hormone action

A

second-messenger system

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26
Q

which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones can go through the cell membrane?

A

direct gene activation

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27
Q

which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones enter the nucleus

A

direct gene activation

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28
Q

which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to a specific protein within the nucleus

A

direct gene activation

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29
Q

which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to specific sites on the cell’s dna

A

direct gene activation

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30
Q

which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins

A

direct gene activation

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31
Q

which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to a membrane receptor

A

second-messenger system

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32
Q

which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones do not enter the cell (doesn’t permeate through the membrane

A

second-messenger system

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33
Q

which of the 2 hormone mechanisms sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme

A

second-messenger system

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34
Q

which of the 2 hormone mechanisms catalyzes a reaction that produces a _ molecule, such as cAMP

A

second-messenger system, and a second-messenger molecule

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35
Q

which of the 2 hormone mechanisms oversee additional intracellular changes to promote specific response

A

second-messenger system

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36
Q

hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by _

A

negative feedback

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37
Q

a _ or _ hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormones

A

a stimulus, or low hormone levels

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38
Q

_ release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached

A

hormone

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39
Q

most common stimuli

A

hormonal stimuli

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40
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones travel to target glands, like the thyroid gland, to prompt the release of a particular hormone, like the thyroid hormone:: This is an example of _

A

hormonal stimuli of endocrine glands

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41
Q

changing blood levels of certain _ stimulate hormone release

A

ions

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42
Q

‘Humoral’ indicates various _ such as _ & bile

A

body fluids, such as blood & bile

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43
Q

parathyroid hormone & calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels

A

humoral stimuli of endocrine glands

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44
Q

insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels

A

humoral stimuli of endocrine glands

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45
Q

nerve impulses stimulate _

A

hormone release

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46
Q

neural stimuli of endocrine glands: most are under control of the _

A

sympathetic nervous system

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47
Q

the release of norepinephrine & epinephrine by the adrenal medulla is an example of:

A

neural stimuli of endocrine glands

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48
Q

name the 9 major endocrine organs:

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal, thymus, pancreas, gonads (ovaries/testes), hypothalmus

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49
Q

size of a pea

A

pituitary gland

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50
Q

hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain

A

pituitary gland

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51
Q

name the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary &

posterior pituitary

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52
Q

name the type of tissues for the anterior & posterior pituitary

A

anterior pituitary- glandular tissue

posterior pituitary- nervous tissue

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53
Q

often called the “master endocrine gland”

A

pituitary gland

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54
Q

how many anterior pituitary hormones are there?

A

6

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55
Q

name the 2 hormones of the anterior pituitary that affect non-endocrine targets

A

growth hormone, & prolactin

56
Q

name the 4 hormones of the anterior pituitary that stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone), adrenocorticotropic hormone, 2 gonadotropic hormones

57
Q

name the 3 characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A

proteins (peptides), act through second messenger systems, regulated by hormonal stimuli-mostly negative feedback

58
Q

general metabolic hormone

A

growth hormone

59
Q

growth hormone: major effects are directed to _

A

growth of skeletal muscles & long bones

60
Q

plays a role in determining final body size

A

growth hormone

61
Q

growth hormone: causes amino acids to be built into _

A

proteins

62
Q

causes fats to be broken down into a source of energy

A

growth hormone

63
Q

stimulates & maintains milk production following childbirth

A

Rolactin (PRL)

64
Q

describe the function of Rolactin in males

A

it is unknown

65
Q

regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

66
Q

influences growth & activity of the thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

67
Q

regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

gonadotropic hormones

68
Q

stimulates follicle development in ovaries

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

69
Q

stimulates sperm development in testes

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

70
Q

triggers ovulation of an egg

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

71
Q

stimulates testosterone production in males

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

72
Q

hormonal release is regulated by releasing & inhibiting hormones produced by the _

A

hypothalamus

73
Q

name the hormones that the hypothalamus produces

A

oxycontin, & antidiuretic hormone

74
Q

hormones of the hypothalamus are transported to _ cells of the _ pituitary

A

neurosecretory cells, of the posterior pituitary

75
Q

_ is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones.

A

posterior pituitary

76
Q

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, love, & breastfeeding.

A

oxycontin

77
Q

causes milk ejection in a nursing woman

A

oxycontin

78
Q

inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

79
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH): in large amounts, causes _ leading to _

A

vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure

80
Q

AKA vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

81
Q

a gland found at the base of the throat

A

thyroid gland

82
Q

consists of 2 lobes & connecting isthmus

A

thyroid gland

83
Q

produces the hormone calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

84
Q

produces the thyroid hormone

A

thyroid gland

85
Q

major metabolic hormone

A

thyroid hormone

86
Q

composed of 2 active iodine-containing hormones

A

thyroid hormone

87
Q

thyroxine (T4)- secreted by _

A

thyroid follicles

88
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)- conversion of _ at target tissues

A

T4

89
Q

name the 2 active iodine-containing hormones

A

thyroxine & triiodothyronine

90
Q

goiter is a hormone disorder that comes from which gland?

A

thyroid

91
Q

Goiter: thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of _

A

iodine

92
Q

_ salt prevents goiters

A

iodized

93
Q

caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine

A

cretinism

94
Q

results in dwarfism during childhood

A

cretinism

95
Q

caused by hypothyroidism in adults

A

myxedema

96
Q

result is physical/mental sluggishness

A

myxedema

97
Q

caused by hypothyroidism

A

graves’ disease

98
Q

results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, & exopthalmos

A

graves’ disease

99
Q

where is calcitonin found?

A

thyroid gland

100
Q

desceases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone

A

calcitonin

101
Q

antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

A

calcitonin

102
Q

thyroid gland is exact opposite to _

A

parathyroid

103
Q

tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

A

parathyroid glands

104
Q

where are parathyroid glands found?

A

posterior of the thyroid

105
Q

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

parathyroid glands

106
Q

stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone

A

parathyroid hormone

107
Q

stimulate the kidneys/intestine to absorb more calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

108
Q

raises calcium levels in the bone

A

parathyroid hormone

109
Q

lowers calcium levels

A

calcitonin

110
Q

sit on top of the kidneys

A

adrenal gland

111
Q

name the 2 regions of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal medulla & cortex

112
Q

name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and their order

A

mineralcorticoids (outermost layer), glucocorticoids (middle), sex hormones (innermost)

113
Q

inner neural tissue region

A

adrenal medulla

114
Q

name the 2 functions of mineralcorticosteroids

A

regulate mineral content in blood, regulate water & electrolyte balance

115
Q

target organ is the kidney

A

mineralcorticosteroids

116
Q

produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids

117
Q

promote normal cell metabolism

A

glucocorticoids

118
Q

help resist long-term stressors

A

glucocorticoids

119
Q

released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

A

glucocorticoids

120
Q

produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

A

sex hormones

121
Q

mostly androgens are made but some estrogens are also formed throughout life

A

sex hormones, (androgens=male sex hormones)

122
Q

addisons disease is a disorder that comes from where?

A

adrenal cortex

123
Q

results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones

A

addisons disease

124
Q

bronze skin tone, weak muscles, easy infection

A

addisons disease

125
Q

may result from an ACTH-releasing tumor

A

hyperaldosteronism

126
Q

excess water & sodium are retained leading to high BP & edema

A

hyperaldosteronism

127
Q

cushings syndrome comes from where?

A

adrenal cortex

128
Q

results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the adrenal cortex

A

cushings syndrome

129
Q

“moon face,” “buffalo hump,” high bp, hyperglycemia, weakening bones, depression: effects of what?

A

cushings syndrome

130
Q

results from hypersecretion of sex hormones

A

masculinization

131
Q

name the 2 hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

132
Q

epinephrine aka…

A

adrenaline

133
Q

norepinephrine aka…

A

noradrenaline

134
Q

these hormones prepare the body for short-term stress - fight or flight

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

135
Q

increasing heart rate, bp, blood glucose levels, dilating small passageways of lungs: comes from which hormones?

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

136
Q

epinephrine & norepinephrine come from where?

A

adrenal medulla

137
Q

masculinization comes from where?

A

adrenal cortex

Anatomy (7 decks)

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