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Histology final exam > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What papillae has no taste buds

A

Filiform

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2
Q

Papillae which are mushroom shaped

A

Fungiform

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3
Q

Poorly developed papillae in adult humans

A

Foliate papillae

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4
Q

Largest papillae

A

Circumvallate

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5
Q

Three types of cell associated with a taste bud

A

Receptor cells, sustentacular cells and basal cells

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6
Q

What do taste receptor cells appear like

A

Lightly stained with microvilli

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7
Q

What do sustentacular taste cells look like

A

Darkly stained cells

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8
Q

Where are olfactory chemoreceptors located

A

Olfactory epithelium of the superior conchae

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9
Q

What is olfactory epithelium’s appearance

A

Pseudostratified columnar with receptor, sustentacular and basal cells

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10
Q

What are olfactory sustentacular cells like in appearance?

A

Columnar cells with apical nuclei

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11
Q

What do olfactory receptor cells look like?

A

Bipolar neurons with nuclei in the central portion and non-motile cilia with chemoreceptors on the apical end

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12
Q

Basal axons in olfactory receptor cells

A

Pass through the foramina in cribriform plate to synapse in olfactory bulb

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13
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

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14
Q

Olfactory lamina propria

A

Mainly connective tissue with a rich vascular supply, large tubulo-alveolar glands/ bowman’s glands and bundles of axons from the receptor cells

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15
Q

Outer layer of the eye

A

Corneo-scleral coat

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16
Q

Middle layer of the eye

A

Vascular coat

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17
Q

Innermost layer of eye

A

Retina

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18
Q

Contents of the corneo-scleral coat

A

Sclera and cornea

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19
Q

Contents of the vascular coat

A

Iris, ciliary body anteriorly and vascularized choroid coat posteriorly

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20
Q

Contents of the retina

A

Layers of nerve cells, their processes, support cells (neural retina) and outer layer of pigmented epithelium

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21
Q

What does the inner layer of the retina communicate with

A

Cerebrum via optic nerve

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22
Q

What is the anterior edge of the neural retina called

A

Ora serrata

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23
Q

What holds the lens of the eye in place

A

Zonular fibres

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24
Q

What lies posterior to the lens of the eye

A

Vitreous body

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25
Q

What is the conjunctiva

A

A thin transparent mucous membrane, lined by stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and a lamina propria of loose connective tissue

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26
Q

Where is the conjunctiva found

A

Extends over the corneo-scleral margin and reflects over the inner surface of the eyelids

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27
Q

Where is the anterior chamber of the eye

A

Between the cornea and iris

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28
Q

Where is the posterior chamber the of eye

A

Between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens

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29
Q

What is the vitreous chamber

A

The space between the posterior surface of the lens and neural retina

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30
Q

What is the cornea

A

A transparent, colourless and completely avascular structure

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31
Q

1st (outermost) layer of cornea

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

2nd layer of cornea

A

Bowman’s membrane

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33
Q

3rd layer of the cornea

A

Corneal stroma

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34
Q

4th layer of cornea

A

Descemet’s membrane

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35
Q

5th (innermost) layer of cornea

A

Simple squamous endothelium

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36
Q

What is a kaiser-fleischer ring

A

Accumulation of copper in Descemet’s membrane

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37
Q

What is the limbus

A

Corneo-scleral junction

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38
Q

What is the canal of schlemm

A

A sinus that receives aqueous humor from the anterior chamber

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39
Q

What is concentrated at the limbus

A

stem cells for the stratified epithelium

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40
Q

What replaces Descemet’s membrane and its simple endothelium

A

Trabecular meshwork

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41
Q

What is glaucoma

A

A build up of fluid due to impeded drainage of the anterior chamber

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42
Q

Outer part of the choroid

A

Suprachoroidal lamina

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43
Q

Outer part of the choroid

A

Suprachoroidal lamina

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44
Q

Inner part of the choroid

A

Chorio-capillary lamina

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45
Q

What separates the chorio-capillary layer from the retina

A

Bruch’s membrane

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46
Q

What changes the shape of the lens of the eye

A

Ciliary muscles

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47
Q

Ciliary epithelium

A

Double layer of low-columnar cells

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48
Q

Anterior surface of the iris

A

Irregular, discontinuous layer of fibroblasts and melanocytes

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49
Q

Posterior surface of the iris

A

Smooth, two-layered epithelium filled with melanin

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50
Q

Muscles of the iris

A

Dilator and sphincter pupillae

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51
Q

1st (outermost) layer of retina

A

Retinal pigmented epithelium (rpe)

52
Q

2nd layer of retina

A

Rods and cones

53
Q

3rd layer of retina

A

External limiting membrane

54
Q

4th layer of retina

A

Outer nuclear layer

55
Q

5th layer of retina

A

Outer plexiform layer

56
Q

6th layer of retina

A

Inner nuclear layer

57
Q

7th layer of retina

A

Inner plexiform layer

58
Q

8th layer of retina

A

Ganglion cell layer

59
Q

9th layer of retina

A

Nerve fibre layer

60
Q

10th layer of retina

A

Internal limiting membrane

61
Q

Cells of the retina

A

RPE, cone, rod, horizontal cell, bipolar cell, amacrine cell, müller cell, ganglion cell

61
Q

Cells of the retina

A

RPE, cone, rod, horizontal cell, bipolar cell, amacrine cell, müller cell, ganglion cell

62
Q

Outer segment of rod

A

Photosensitive

63
Q

Inner segment of rod

A

Metabolic machinery rich in glycogen and mitochondria

64
Q

visual pigment produced by rods

A

Rhodopsin

65
Q

How many rods present in the retina

A

120 million

66
Q

How many cones are in the retina

A

6-7 million cells

67
Q

Retinal Pigmented Epithelium

A

Blood-retina barrier

68
Q

What does the RPE do?

A

Absorbs and prevents light reflection

69
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot which lacks photoreceptors (found where optic nerve is located)

70
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Found at the centre of macula lutea

71
Q

Foveola

A

Found at the centre of the fovea centralis and is where the retina thins and is avascular

72
Q

Only comes found here

A

Foveola

73
Q

What do Müller cells do

A

Provide scaffolding for neurons of the entire retina

74
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

The pinna

75
Q

Lining of the external acoustic meatus

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

76
Q

Contents of the submucosa of the external auditory meatus

A

Apocrine sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands

77
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax

78
Q

What supports the external auditory meatus

A

Elastic cartilage

79
Q

What do the edges of the tympanic membrane attach to

A

Tympanic annulus

80
Q

Insertion of manubrium of malleus

A

Medial side of tympanic membrane

81
Q

Outer surface tympanic membrane lined by

A

Skin with no hair or glands

82
Q

Inner surface tympanic membrane lined by

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

83
Q

Middle ear

A

Air-filled tympanic cavity between the tympanic membrane and bony inner ear

84
Q

What does the middle ear communicate with anterior

A

The pharynx via the Eustachian tube

85
Q

What does the middle ear communicate with posteriorly

A

Air filled mastoid cavities of temporal bone

86
Q

Epithelial lining of tympanic cavity

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

87
Q

What replaces the simple cuboidal epithelium of the middle ear towards the auditory tube

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

88
Q

What is connected to the oval window by the auditory ossicles

A

Tympanic membrane

89
Q

Ossicles

A

Incus, malleus and stapes

90
Q

Joints of the ossicles

A

Synovial joints

91
Q

Internal ear is located…

A

Temporal bone

92
Q

Vestibular labyrinth

A

Utricle and saccule

93
Q

Cochlear labyrinth

A

Cochlear duct connected to the saccule

94
Q

Maculae of the ear

A

Utricle and saccule

95
Q

What fills the bony labyrinth

A

Perilymph

96
Q

What fills the membranous labyrinth

A

Endolymph

97
Q

How many turns of the cochlea

A

2 and a half

98
Q

What does the modiolus contain

A

Blood vessels and large spiral formed by cochlear nerve

99
Q

3 areas of the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli, scala tympani and scala media

100
Q

Filled with perilymph

A

scala tympani and vestibuli

101
Q

Filled with endolymph

A

Scala media

102
Q

What do the scala tympani and vestibuli communicate via

A

The helicotrema

103
Q

What separates the scala vestibuli and scala media

A

Vestibular membrane

104
Q

Structure of vestibular membrane

A

Basement membrane sandwiched between simple squamous epithelium

105
Q

Stria vascularis

A

Unique epithelium responsible for production and maintenance of endolymph

106
Q

Organ of corti

A

Contains special auditory receptors in the form of hair cells

107
Q

What does the spiral organ rest on

A

Basal lamina

108
Q

Outer hair cells

A

3 rows near oval window increasing to 5 rows containing curved rows of longer stereocilia

109
Q

Inner hair cells

A

a single row containing one linear array of short stereocilia

110
Q

Where are the tips of the tallest stereocillia embedded

A

tectoral membrane

111
Q

What hair cells ave move richly innovated

A

Inner hair cells

112
Q

Pillar cells

A

Stiffened by bundles of keratin and outline a triangular, tunnel-like space between the outer and inner hair cells

113
Q

Phalangeal cells

A

Intimately surround and directly support both inner and outer hair cells, almost completely enclosing each inner cell but only the basal ends of the outer cell

114
Q

What comprises the cochlear nerve

A

Afferent nerve fibres from the 8th cranial nerve

115
Q

Main auditory receptors

A

Inner hair cells

116
Q

Detects position and motion

A

Receptive hair cells

117
Q

What do hair cells in the utricle and saccule detect

A

Head position via linear acceleration and gravity

118
Q

What do hair cells in the semi-circular canals detect

A

Movement, responding to angular acceleration

119
Q

Epithelium of maculae of ear

A

Supporting cells and type I and II hair cells in columnar neuroepithelium

120
Q

Innervation of maculae

A

Vestibular nerve

121
Q

Type I hair cells

A

Innervated by cup-like afferent nerve terminal

122
Q

Type II hair cells

A

Innervated by more elongated cells

123
Q

Cupola

A

Proteoglycan layer attached to sensory cells in the cristae ampullaris

124
Q

Detection of head moving

A

Head moves → endolymph moves → cupola displacement → bends stereocilia → nerve impulse

125
Q

Problems of vestibular system

A

Vertigo, motion sickness, meniere disease and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Histology final exam (7 decks)

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