Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
What papillae has no taste buds
A
Filiform
2
Q
Papillae which are mushroom shaped
A
Fungiform
3
Q
Poorly developed papillae in adult humans
A
Foliate papillae
4
Q
Largest papillae
A
Circumvallate
5
Q
Three types of cell associated with a taste bud
A
Receptor cells, sustentacular cells and basal cells
6
Q
What do taste receptor cells appear like
A
Lightly stained with microvilli
7
Q
What do sustentacular taste cells look like
A
Darkly stained cells
8
Q
Where are olfactory chemoreceptors located
A
Olfactory epithelium of the superior conchae
9
Q
What is olfactory epithelium’s appearance
A
Pseudostratified columnar with receptor, sustentacular and basal cells
10
Q
What are olfactory sustentacular cells like in appearance?
A
Columnar cells with apical nuclei
11
Q
What do olfactory receptor cells look like?
A
Bipolar neurons with nuclei in the central portion and non-motile cilia with chemoreceptors on the apical end
12
Q
Basal axons in olfactory receptor cells
A
Pass through the foramina in cribriform plate to synapse in olfactory bulb
13
Q
Olfactory mucosa
A
Olfactory epithelium and lamina propria
14
Q
Olfactory lamina propria
A
Mainly connective tissue with a rich vascular supply, large tubulo-alveolar glands/ bowman’s glands and bundles of axons from the receptor cells
15
Q
Outer layer of the eye
A
Corneo-scleral coat
16
Q
Middle layer of the eye
A
Vascular coat
17
Q
Innermost layer of eye
A
Retina
18
Q
Contents of the corneo-scleral coat
A
Sclera and cornea
19
Q
Contents of the vascular coat
A
Iris, ciliary body anteriorly and vascularized choroid coat posteriorly
20
Q
Contents of the retina
A
Layers of nerve cells, their processes, support cells (neural retina) and outer layer of pigmented epithelium
21
Q
What does the inner layer of the retina communicate with
A
Cerebrum via optic nerve
22
Q
What is the anterior edge of the neural retina called
A
Ora serrata
23
Q
What holds the lens of the eye in place
A
Zonular fibres
24
Q
What lies posterior to the lens of the eye
A
Vitreous body
25
What is the conjunctiva
A thin transparent mucous membrane, lined by stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and a lamina propria of loose connective tissue
26
Where is the conjunctiva found
Extends over the corneo-scleral margin and reflects over the inner surface of the eyelids
27
Where is the anterior chamber of the eye
Between the cornea and iris
28
Where is the posterior chamber the of eye
Between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens
29
What is the vitreous chamber
The space between the posterior surface of the lens and neural retina
30
What is the cornea
A transparent, colourless and completely avascular structure
31
1st (outermost) layer of cornea
Stratified squamous epithelium
32
2nd layer of cornea
Bowman's membrane
33
3rd layer of the cornea
Corneal stroma
34
4th layer of cornea
Descemet's membrane
35
5th (innermost) layer of cornea
Simple squamous endothelium
36
What is a kaiser-fleischer ring
Accumulation of copper in Descemet's membrane
37
What is the limbus
Corneo-scleral junction
38
What is the canal of schlemm
A sinus that receives aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
39
What is concentrated at the limbus
stem cells for the stratified epithelium
40
What replaces Descemet's membrane and its simple endothelium
Trabecular meshwork
41
What is glaucoma
A build up of fluid due to impeded drainage of the anterior chamber
42
Outer part of the choroid
Suprachoroidal lamina
43
Outer part of the choroid
Suprachoroidal lamina
44
Inner part of the choroid
Chorio-capillary lamina
45
What separates the chorio-capillary layer from the retina
Bruch's membrane
46
What changes the shape of the lens of the eye
Ciliary muscles
47
Ciliary epithelium
Double layer of low-columnar cells
48
Anterior surface of the iris
Irregular, discontinuous layer of fibroblasts and melanocytes
49
Posterior surface of the iris
Smooth, two-layered epithelium filled with melanin
50
Muscles of the iris
Dilator and sphincter pupillae
51
1st (outermost) layer of retina
Retinal pigmented epithelium (rpe)
52
2nd layer of retina
Rods and cones
53
3rd layer of retina
External limiting membrane
54
4th layer of retina
Outer nuclear layer
55
5th layer of retina
Outer plexiform layer
56
6th layer of retina
Inner nuclear layer
57
7th layer of retina
Inner plexiform layer
58
8th layer of retina
Ganglion cell layer
59
9th layer of retina
Nerve fibre layer
60
10th layer of retina
Internal limiting membrane
61
Cells of the retina
RPE, cone, rod, horizontal cell, bipolar cell, amacrine cell, müller cell, ganglion cell
61
Cells of the retina
RPE, cone, rod, horizontal cell, bipolar cell, amacrine cell, müller cell, ganglion cell
62
Outer segment of rod
Photosensitive
63
Inner segment of rod
Metabolic machinery rich in glycogen and mitochondria
64
visual pigment produced by rods
Rhodopsin
65
How many rods present in the retina
120 million
66
How many cones are in the retina
6-7 million cells
67
Retinal Pigmented Epithelium
Blood-retina barrier
68
What does the RPE do?
Absorbs and prevents light reflection
69
Optic disc
Blind spot which lacks photoreceptors (found where optic nerve is located)
70
Fovea centralis
Found at the centre of macula lutea
71
Foveola
Found at the centre of the fovea centralis and is where the retina thins and is avascular
72
Only comes found here
Foveola
73
What do Müller cells do
Provide scaffolding for neurons of the entire retina
74
External acoustic meatus
The pinna
75
Lining of the external acoustic meatus
Stratified squamous epithelium
76
Contents of the submucosa of the external auditory meatus
Apocrine sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands
77
Cerumen
Ear wax
78
What supports the external auditory meatus
Elastic cartilage
79
What do the edges of the tympanic membrane attach to
Tympanic annulus
80
Insertion of manubrium of malleus
Medial side of tympanic membrane
81
Outer surface tympanic membrane lined by
Skin with no hair or glands
82
Inner surface tympanic membrane lined by
Simple cuboidal epithelium
83
Middle ear
Air-filled tympanic cavity between the tympanic membrane and bony inner ear
84
What does the middle ear communicate with anterior
The pharynx via the Eustachian tube
85
What does the middle ear communicate with posteriorly
Air filled mastoid cavities of temporal bone
86
Epithelial lining of tympanic cavity
Simple cuboidal epithelium
87
What replaces the simple cuboidal epithelium of the middle ear towards the auditory tube
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
88
What is connected to the oval window by the auditory ossicles
Tympanic membrane
89
Ossicles
Incus, malleus and stapes
90
Joints of the ossicles
Synovial joints
91
Internal ear is located...
Temporal bone
92
Vestibular labyrinth
Utricle and saccule
93
Cochlear labyrinth
Cochlear duct connected to the saccule
94
Maculae of the ear
Utricle and saccule
95
What fills the bony labyrinth
Perilymph
96
What fills the membranous labyrinth
Endolymph
97
How many turns of the cochlea
2 and a half
98
What does the modiolus contain
Blood vessels and large spiral formed by cochlear nerve
99
3 areas of the cochlea
Scala vestibuli, scala tympani and scala media
100
Filled with perilymph
scala tympani and vestibuli
101
Filled with endolymph
Scala media
102
What do the scala tympani and vestibuli communicate via
The helicotrema
103
What separates the scala vestibuli and scala media
Vestibular membrane
104
Structure of vestibular membrane
Basement membrane sandwiched between simple squamous epithelium
105
Stria vascularis
Unique epithelium responsible for production and maintenance of endolymph
106
Organ of corti
Contains special auditory receptors in the form of hair cells
107
What does the spiral organ rest on
Basal lamina
108
Outer hair cells
3 rows near oval window increasing to 5 rows containing curved rows of longer stereocilia
109
Inner hair cells
a single row containing one linear array of short stereocilia
110
Where are the tips of the tallest stereocillia embedded
tectoral membrane
111
What hair cells ave move richly innovated
Inner hair cells
112
Pillar cells
Stiffened by bundles of keratin and outline a triangular, tunnel-like space between the outer and inner hair cells
113
Phalangeal cells
Intimately surround and directly support both inner and outer hair cells, almost completely enclosing each inner cell but only the basal ends of the outer cell
114
What comprises the cochlear nerve
Afferent nerve fibres from the 8th cranial nerve
115
Main auditory receptors
Inner hair cells
116
Detects position and motion
Receptive hair cells
117
What do hair cells in the utricle and saccule detect
Head position via linear acceleration and gravity
118
What do hair cells in the semi-circular canals detect
Movement, responding to angular acceleration
119
Epithelium of maculae of ear
Supporting cells and type I and II hair cells in columnar neuroepithelium
120
Innervation of maculae
Vestibular nerve
121
Type I hair cells
Innervated by cup-like afferent nerve terminal
122
Type II hair cells
Innervated by more elongated cells
123
Cupola
Proteoglycan layer attached to sensory cells in the cristae ampullaris
124
Detection of head moving
Head moves → endolymph moves → cupola displacement → bends stereocilia → nerve impulse
125
Problems of vestibular system
Vertigo, motion sickness, meniere disease and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
