Blood and Haematopoiesis Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
blood cells are suspended in what?
A
plasma fluid
2
Q
blood cells compose what percentage of blood in an adult?
A
~45%
3
Q
blood plasma composes what percentage of blood in an adult?
A
~55%
4
Q
formed elements of blood
A
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
5
Q
types of leukocytes
A
granulocytes and agranulocytes
6
Q
types of granulocytes
A
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
7
Q
types of agranulocytes
A
lymphocytes and monocytes
8
Q
components of plasma
A
proteins, ground substance and water
9
Q
proteins of plasma consist of?
A
albumin, fibrinogen, clotting factors etc…
10
Q
components of ground substance in plasma?
A
nutrients and salts
11
Q
stains commonly used with blood
A
Giemsa and Wright stains
12
Q
appearance of erythrocytes?
A
orange-red to pink
13
Q
appearance of leukocytes?
A
blue
14
Q
pH of plasma?
A
7.4
15
Q
what is albumin
A
the most abundant plasma protein which maintains osmotic pressure
16
Q
what are alpha and beta globulins
A
transport factors
17
Q
what are gamma globulins
A
immunoglobulins
18
Q
what are complement proteins
A
responsible for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
19
Q
what is fibrinogen
A
blocks blood loss from small vessels
20
Q
through what are the low-molecular-weight components in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid of the tissues
A
capillary walls
21
Q
shape of erythrocytes
A
biconcave disc
22
Q
diameter of erythrocytes
A
~7um
23
Q
how do erythrocytes get energy?
A
anerobic glycolysis
24
Q
what is a rouleaux
A
a loose row of RBCs in circulating blood
25
removal of worn-out RBCs is done by what
macrophages of the spleen, liver and bone marrow
26
why do RBCs appear red
hemoglobin
27
what is hemoglobin
a conjugated protein containing the pigment heme and the protein globin
28
what do leukocytes do
migrate to tissues where they become functional and perform various activities
29
types of granules in granulocytes
specific and azurophilic
30
what are specific granules
they bind neutral, acidic or basic stains and have specific functions
31
what are azurophilic granules
specialized lysosomes that stain darkly and are present at some level in all leukocytes
32
what do azurophilic granules do
when the cells phagocytose microorganisms, several azurophilic granule proteins act collectively to kill and digest them
33
how to distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes
granulocytes have polymorphic nuclei with 2+ lobes, agranulocytes do not
34
what are the most numerous leukocytes
neutrophils
35
nucleus of neutrophils
polymorphonuclear
36
what is a barr body
a drumstick-shaped lobe on the nuclear lobes of a neutrophil
37
what granules do neutrophils contain
specific and azurophilic granules
38
how do specific granules appear under an electron microscope
small, pale and peroxidase negative
39
how do azurophilic granules appear under an electron microscope
larger, dense and peroxidase positive
40
what do neutrophils do
circulate in an inactive state but become highly motile phagocytotic cells if stimulated (diapedesis)
41
lifespan of neutrophils
~4 days
42
what nucleus do eosinophils have
bilobed
43
diameter of eosinophils
12-15um
44
what granules in eosinophils
intensely acidophilic specific granules
45
lifespan of eosinophils
8-10 days
46
where are eosinophils commonly found
mucosal connective tissues in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (elevated ibn allergic responses and parasitic infections)
47
ultrastructure of eosinophils
oval shape with many having an internal crystalloid core
48
what are the least numerous leukocytes
basophils
49
diameter of basophils
10-14um
50
nucleus shape in basophils
irregular or bilobed
51
granules of basophils
large, intensely basophilic specific granules filling the cytoplasm and obscuring the nucleus
52
agranular leukocytes are
monocytes
53
what are monocytes
immediate precursors to cells of the monocyte-macrophage system
54
lifespan of monocytes
actively circulate in bloodstream for 1-3 days
55
nucleus shape in monocytes
oval, kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
56
granular content of monocyte
the cytoplasm contains small azurophilic granules but no specific granules
57
what shape are lymphocytes
spherical
58
what are lymphocytes derived from
bone marrow stem cells
59
nucleus of lymphocytes
densely stained
60
lifespan of lymphocytes
few days to years
61
types of lymphocyte
T cells and B cells
62
where do T cells mature
thymus
63
where do B cells mature
they develop in bone marrow and acquire specific cell surface antigens
64
percentage of T cells
60-80%
65
percentage of B cells
10-15%
66
cell mediated immunity involves...
T cells
67
humoral immunity involves
B cells
68
what are platelets
nonnucleated, dislike cell fragments
69
diameter of platelets
2-4um
70
what do platelets do
promote blood clotting and repair tears in the walls of blood vessels
71
phases of hemopoiesis
yolk sac phase, hepatic phase then bone marrow phase
72
yolk sac phase of hemopoiesis
begins at 3rd week of gestation in the blood islands in the wall of the yolk sac of the embryo
73
hepatic phase of hemopoiesis
occurs in the liver and spleen during the 2nd trimester with liver being the main site
74
bone marrow phase
starts during 2nd trimester and takes over by the time of birth
75
histology of the bone marrow
special type of CT in the medullary cavities of bones, with a stroma and parenchyma
76
red bone marrow
prenatal and young life
77
yellow marrow
fatty replacement of hematopoietic cells
78
lining of the venous sinusoids in bone marrow
extremely thin endothelial cells
79
what do modified fibroblasts produce
reticular type of loose CT that supports hematopoietic cells
80
classes of stem cells
totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotential progenitor cells
81
myeloid stem cell lineage
erythropoietic, thrombopoietic, pranulopoietic and monocytopoietic cells
82
lymphoid stem cell lineage
lymphopoietic cells
83
erythropoiesis
proerythroblast -> basophilic erythroblast -> polychromatophilic erythroblast -> orthochromatophilic erythroblast -> nucleus ejection -> reticulocyte and pyknotic nucleus -> erythrocyte
84
granulopoiesis
myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> stab or band cells -> nearly mature segmented neutrophil
85
maturation of agranulocytes
monoblast -> promonocyte -> monocyte -> macrophage /// lymphoblast -> pro-lymphocyte -> T or B lymphocyte
86
thrombocytopoiesis
CFU-Me -> megakaryoblast -> megakaryocyte
87
platelet demarcation channels
fragmentation sites in the cytoplasm now believed to represent an membrane reservoir for proplatelet elongation
88
local factors of bone marrow control
colony-stimulating factors (e.g. granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF)
89
systemic factors
interleukins and erythropoietin
90
3 stages of blood cell production
proliferation -> differentiation -> maturation
