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Histology final exam > Blood and Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

blood cells are suspended in what?

A

plasma fluid

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2
Q

blood cells compose what percentage of blood in an adult?

A

~45%

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3
Q

blood plasma composes what percentage of blood in an adult?

A

~55%

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4
Q

formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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5
Q

types of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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6
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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7
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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8
Q

components of plasma

A

proteins, ground substance and water

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9
Q

proteins of plasma consist of?

A

albumin, fibrinogen, clotting factors etc…

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10
Q

components of ground substance in plasma?

A

nutrients and salts

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11
Q

stains commonly used with blood

A

Giemsa and Wright stains

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12
Q

appearance of erythrocytes?

A

orange-red to pink

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13
Q

appearance of leukocytes?

A

blue

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14
Q

pH of plasma?

A

7.4

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15
Q

what is albumin

A

the most abundant plasma protein which maintains osmotic pressure

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16
Q

what are alpha and beta globulins

A

transport factors

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17
Q

what are gamma globulins

A

immunoglobulins

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18
Q

what are complement proteins

A

responsible for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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19
Q

what is fibrinogen

A

blocks blood loss from small vessels

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20
Q

through what are the low-molecular-weight components in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid of the tissues

A

capillary walls

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21
Q

shape of erythrocytes

A

biconcave disc

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22
Q

diameter of erythrocytes

A

~7um

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23
Q

how do erythrocytes get energy?

A

anerobic glycolysis

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24
Q

what is a rouleaux

A

a loose row of RBCs in circulating blood

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25
Q

removal of worn-out RBCs is done by what

A

macrophages of the spleen, liver and bone marrow

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26
Q

why do RBCs appear red

A

hemoglobin

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27
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

a conjugated protein containing the pigment heme and the protein globin

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28
Q

what do leukocytes do

A

migrate to tissues where they become functional and perform various activities

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29
Q

types of granules in granulocytes

A

specific and azurophilic

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30
Q

what are specific granules

A

they bind neutral, acidic or basic stains and have specific functions

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31
Q

what are azurophilic granules

A

specialized lysosomes that stain darkly and are present at some level in all leukocytes

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32
Q

what do azurophilic granules do

A

when the cells phagocytose microorganisms, several azurophilic granule proteins act collectively to kill and digest them

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33
Q

how to distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

granulocytes have polymorphic nuclei with 2+ lobes, agranulocytes do not

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34
Q

what are the most numerous leukocytes

A

neutrophils

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35
Q

nucleus of neutrophils

A

polymorphonuclear

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36
Q

what is a barr body

A

a drumstick-shaped lobe on the nuclear lobes of a neutrophil

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37
Q

what granules do neutrophils contain

A

specific and azurophilic granules

38
Q

how do specific granules appear under an electron microscope

A

small, pale and peroxidase negative

39
Q

how do azurophilic granules appear under an electron microscope

A

larger, dense and peroxidase positive

40
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

circulate in an inactive state but become highly motile phagocytotic cells if stimulated (diapedesis)

41
Q

lifespan of neutrophils

A

~4 days

42
Q

what nucleus do eosinophils have

A

bilobed

43
Q

diameter of eosinophils

A

12-15um

44
Q

what granules in eosinophils

A

intensely acidophilic specific granules

45
Q

lifespan of eosinophils

A

8-10 days

46
Q

where are eosinophils commonly found

A

mucosal connective tissues in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (elevated ibn allergic responses and parasitic infections)

47
Q

ultrastructure of eosinophils

A

oval shape with many having an internal crystalloid core

48
Q

what are the least numerous leukocytes

A

basophils

49
Q

diameter of basophils

A

10-14um

50
Q

nucleus shape in basophils

A

irregular or bilobed

51
Q

granules of basophils

A

large, intensely basophilic specific granules filling the cytoplasm and obscuring the nucleus

52
Q

agranular leukocytes are

A

monocytes

53
Q

what are monocytes

A

immediate precursors to cells of the monocyte-macrophage system

54
Q

lifespan of monocytes

A

actively circulate in bloodstream for 1-3 days

55
Q

nucleus shape in monocytes

A

oval, kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

56
Q

granular content of monocyte

A

the cytoplasm contains small azurophilic granules but no specific granules

57
Q

what shape are lymphocytes

A

spherical

58
Q

what are lymphocytes derived from

A

bone marrow stem cells

59
Q

nucleus of lymphocytes

A

densely stained

60
Q

lifespan of lymphocytes

A

few days to years

61
Q

types of lymphocyte

A

T cells and B cells

62
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

63
Q

where do B cells mature

A

they develop in bone marrow and acquire specific cell surface antigens

64
Q

percentage of T cells

A

60-80%

65
Q

percentage of B cells

A

10-15%

66
Q

cell mediated immunity involves…

A

T cells

67
Q

humoral immunity involves

A

B cells

68
Q

what are platelets

A

nonnucleated, dislike cell fragments

69
Q

diameter of platelets

A

2-4um

70
Q

what do platelets do

A

promote blood clotting and repair tears in the walls of blood vessels

71
Q

phases of hemopoiesis

A

yolk sac phase, hepatic phase then bone marrow phase

72
Q

yolk sac phase of hemopoiesis

A

begins at 3rd week of gestation in the blood islands in the wall of the yolk sac of the embryo

73
Q

hepatic phase of hemopoiesis

A

occurs in the liver and spleen during the 2nd trimester with liver being the main site

74
Q

bone marrow phase

A

starts during 2nd trimester and takes over by the time of birth

75
Q

histology of the bone marrow

A

special type of CT in the medullary cavities of bones, with a stroma and parenchyma

76
Q

red bone marrow

A

prenatal and young life

77
Q

yellow marrow

A

fatty replacement of hematopoietic cells

78
Q

lining of the venous sinusoids in bone marrow

A

extremely thin endothelial cells

79
Q

what do modified fibroblasts produce

A

reticular type of loose CT that supports hematopoietic cells

80
Q

classes of stem cells

A

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotential progenitor cells

81
Q

myeloid stem cell lineage

A

erythropoietic, thrombopoietic, pranulopoietic and monocytopoietic cells

82
Q

lymphoid stem cell lineage

A

lymphopoietic cells

83
Q

erythropoiesis

A

proerythroblast -> basophilic erythroblast -> polychromatophilic erythroblast -> orthochromatophilic erythroblast -> nucleus ejection -> reticulocyte and pyknotic nucleus -> erythrocyte

84
Q

granulopoiesis

A

myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> stab or band cells -> nearly mature segmented neutrophil

85
Q

maturation of agranulocytes

A

monoblast -> promonocyte -> monocyte -> macrophage /// lymphoblast -> pro-lymphocyte -> T or B lymphocyte

86
Q

thrombocytopoiesis

A

CFU-Me -> megakaryoblast -> megakaryocyte

87
Q

platelet demarcation channels

A

fragmentation sites in the cytoplasm now believed to represent an membrane reservoir for proplatelet elongation

88
Q

local factors of bone marrow control

A

colony-stimulating factors (e.g. granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF)

89
Q

systemic factors

A

interleukins and erythropoietin

90
Q

3 stages of blood cell production

A

proliferation -> differentiation -> maturation

Histology final exam (7 decks)

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