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Histology final exam > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the endocrine system

A

synthesis and secretion of hormones that regulate, control and coordinate activities of organs and tissues

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2
Q

what is a gland

A

a cord of parenchymal cells closely associated with fenestrated capillaries, lacking in ducts

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3
Q

major endocrine organs

A

pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal

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4
Q

endocrine components in other solid organs

A

pancreas, ovary, testis, kidney

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5
Q

diffuse endocrine system

A

scattered individual hormone cells

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6
Q

proteins and glycoproteins

A

insulin, growth hormones and parathormone

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7
Q

small peptide molecules

A

vasopressin and products of enteroendocrine cells

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8
Q

amino acid derivatives

A

thyroxine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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9
Q

steroids derived from cholesterol

A

cortisol, testosterone and oestrogen

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10
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

the master endocrine gland

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11
Q

how big is the pituitary gland

A

the size of a pea

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12
Q

vascularisation of the pituitary

A

very rich

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13
Q

what influences the pituitary gland

A

the hypothalamus

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14
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

produces several hormones influencing the activity of other endocrine glands

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15
Q

development of the anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal pouch -> adenohypophysis

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16
Q

development of the posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophyseal bud -> neurohypophysis

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17
Q

components of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

pars tuberalis, pars intermedia and pars distalis

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18
Q

components of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

infundibular stalk and pars nervosa

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19
Q

superior blood supply to the pituitary

A

pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum

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20
Q

inferior blood supply to the pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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21
Q

pars distalis

A

chromophobes, chromophils (acidophils and basophils)

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22
Q

somatotrophic cells secrete

A

growth hormone (GH)

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23
Q

mammotrophic cells secrete

A

prolactin (PRL)

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24
Q

corticotrophic cells secrete

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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25
gonadotrophic cells secrete
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luetinizing hormone (LH)
26
thyrotrophic cells secrete
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
27
control of the anterior pituitary
negative feedback loop
28
pars intermedia
rudimentary with cords of basophilic polygonal cells, and colloid-filled follicles which are lined by cuboidal cells
29
neurohypophysis
fenestrated capillaries, pituicytes, unmyelinated nerve fibre axons
30
herring bodies
oxytocin and vasopressin/anti-diuretic hormone
31
function of vasopressin
increase water permeability of renal collecting ducts
32
function of oxytocin
stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle
33
function of growth hormone
stimulates growth
34
function of prolactin
stimulates milk production after childbirth
35
function of LH and FSH
stimulates egg and sperm production
36
function of ACTH
stimulates production and secretion of glucocorticoid hormones from adrenal cortex
37
function of TSH
stimulates production and secretion of thyroxine from thyroid gland
38
location of thyroid and parathyroid glands
cervical region anterior t the larynx
39
secretion of thyroid and parathyroid
thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and calcitonin
40
histology of the thyroid
thin, dense irregular capsule which divides the gland into lobules with septa, highly-vascular spherical cyst-like parenchyma with simple cuboidal epithelium
41
functional unit of the thyroid
thyroid follicle
42
what is a thyroid follicle
a spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are squamous (low cuboidal when inactive and almost columnar when active)
43
follicular cells
euchromatic spherical central nucleus, prominent nucleoli, lightly basophilic cytoplasm
44
the apical end of follicular cells
junctional complexes with small microvilli, secretory granules, phagosomes, endocytotic vesicles, Golgi complexes and lysosomes
45
basal ends of follicular cells
abundant rough ER
46
exocrine phase of thyroid hormone storage and release
synthesis of thyroglobulin, transport of iodide, T3 and T4 storage within the glycoprotein
47
endocrine phase of thyroid hormone storage and release
endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin, fusion with lysosomes, the release of free active T3 and T4 to adjacent capillaries
48
parafollicular cells (C cells)
poorly staining cytoplasm, round nucleus, found in interstices between follicles in the thyroid
49
secretion of parafollicular cells
calcitonin
50
what does calcitonin do
lowers calcium levels, inhibits bone resorption, antagonistic to PTH
51
how many parathyroid glands
four found on the posterior surface of the thyroid
52
secretion of parathyroid glands
parathormone (PTH) which maintains calcium
53
how does PTH maintain calcium
stimulating calcium release from bone, increasing renal calcium reabsorption and increasing calcium absorption in the gut
54
histology of parathyroid glands
CT capsule, delicate septa conveying vessels and nerves, parenchyma containing chief cells, oxyphil cells and adipose cells
55
what are chief cells
small, lightly stained cells with dark central nuclei that secrete PTH
56
what are oxyphil cells
larger eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria
57
what are the adrenal glands
paired organs at the superior poles of the kidneys
58
histology of adrenal glands
thick CT capsule, mesodermal cortex (~90% of gland) and small, reddish-brown medulla derived from neural crest cells
59
regions of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
60
zona glomerulosa
columnar/pyramidal cells arranged in clusters and glomeruli separated by delicate trabeculae with prominent capillaries (acidophilic cytoplasm with darkly staining nuclei)
61
secretions from zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids and aldosterone
62
function of mineralocorticoids
affect uptake of sodium and potassium ions and water by epithelial cells
63
function of aldorsterone
promote sodium ion retention in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney
64
zona fasciculata
1-2 cell thick narrow columns/cords separated by fine collagen and fenestrated capillaries that run at right angles to the gland surface (pale staining cytoplasm with abundant SER and mitochondria)
65
secretion of the zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
66
what does cortisol do
raise blood glucose levels, increase cellular synthesis of glycogen and increase the rate of protein breakdown
67
zona reticularis
Polyhedral/rounded cells arranged in branching anastomosing cords separated by sinusoidal capillaries (darkly staining cytoplasm with a small number of adipocytes, well developed SER and mitochondria and shrunken pyknotic nuclei)
68
secretion of zona reticularis
glucocorticoids and androgens, DHEA -> testosterone
69
what is the adrenal medulla
Large pale staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords/clumps supported by reticular network with sinusoidal capillaries
70
what do chromaffin cells do
respond to pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine
71
arterial supply to the adrenal gland
capsular branches, cortical arterioles and medullary arterioles
72
venous drainage of the adrenal gland
adrenal veins
73
what is the pancreas
a mixed endocrine and exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones
74
exocrine portion of pancreas
serous acini
75
endocrine portion of pancreas
islets of langerhans
76
what do A-cells of the pancreas secrete
glucagon
77
what do D-cells of the pancreas secrete
Somatostatin
78
what do B-cells of the pancreas secrete
insulin
79
what do F/PP-cells of the pancreas secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
80
what do the testes do
produce spermatozoa but also secrete testosterone
81
what are leydig cells
cells responsible for testosterone production in the testes
82
what do the ovaries do
produce ova but also secrete oestrogen and progesterone
83
what do the theca interna produce
precursors which are converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

Histology final exam (7 decks)

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