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Histology final exam > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the endocrine system

A

synthesis and secretion of hormones that regulate, control and coordinate activities of organs and tissues

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2
Q

what is a gland

A

a cord of parenchymal cells closely associated with fenestrated capillaries, lacking in ducts

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3
Q

major endocrine organs

A

pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal

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4
Q

endocrine components in other solid organs

A

pancreas, ovary, testis, kidney

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5
Q

diffuse endocrine system

A

scattered individual hormone cells

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6
Q

proteins and glycoproteins

A

insulin, growth hormones and parathormone

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7
Q

small peptide molecules

A

vasopressin and products of enteroendocrine cells

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8
Q

amino acid derivatives

A

thyroxine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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9
Q

steroids derived from cholesterol

A

cortisol, testosterone and oestrogen

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10
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

the master endocrine gland

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11
Q

how big is the pituitary gland

A

the size of a pea

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12
Q

vascularisation of the pituitary

A

very rich

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13
Q

what influences the pituitary gland

A

the hypothalamus

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14
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

produces several hormones influencing the activity of other endocrine glands

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15
Q

development of the anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal pouch -> adenohypophysis

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16
Q

development of the posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophyseal bud -> neurohypophysis

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17
Q

components of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

pars tuberalis, pars intermedia and pars distalis

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18
Q

components of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

infundibular stalk and pars nervosa

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19
Q

superior blood supply to the pituitary

A

pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum

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20
Q

inferior blood supply to the pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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21
Q

pars distalis

A

chromophobes, chromophils (acidophils and basophils)

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22
Q

somatotrophic cells secrete

A

growth hormone (GH)

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23
Q

mammotrophic cells secrete

A

prolactin (PRL)

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24
Q

corticotrophic cells secrete

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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25
Q

gonadotrophic cells secrete

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luetinizing hormone (LH)

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26
Q

thyrotrophic cells secrete

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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27
Q

control of the anterior pituitary

A

negative feedback loop

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28
Q

pars intermedia

A

rudimentary with cords of basophilic polygonal cells, and colloid-filled follicles which are lined by cuboidal cells

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29
Q

neurohypophysis

A

fenestrated capillaries, pituicytes, unmyelinated nerve fibre axons

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30
Q

herring bodies

A

oxytocin and vasopressin/anti-diuretic hormone

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31
Q

function of vasopressin

A

increase water permeability of renal collecting ducts

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32
Q

function of oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle

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33
Q

function of growth hormone

A

stimulates growth

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34
Q

function of prolactin

A

stimulates milk production after childbirth

35
Q

function of LH and FSH

A

stimulates egg and sperm production

36
Q

function of ACTH

A

stimulates production and secretion of glucocorticoid hormones from adrenal cortex

37
Q

function of TSH

A

stimulates production and secretion of thyroxine from thyroid gland

38
Q

location of thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

cervical region anterior t the larynx

39
Q

secretion of thyroid and parathyroid

A

thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and calcitonin

40
Q

histology of the thyroid

A

thin, dense irregular capsule which divides the gland into lobules with septa, highly-vascular spherical cyst-like parenchyma with simple cuboidal epithelium

41
Q

functional unit of the thyroid

A

thyroid follicle

42
Q

what is a thyroid follicle

A

a spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are squamous (low cuboidal when inactive and almost columnar when active)

43
Q

follicular cells

A

euchromatic spherical central nucleus, prominent nucleoli, lightly basophilic cytoplasm

44
Q

the apical end of follicular cells

A

junctional complexes with small microvilli, secretory granules, phagosomes, endocytotic vesicles, Golgi complexes and lysosomes

45
Q

basal ends of follicular cells

A

abundant rough ER

46
Q

exocrine phase of thyroid hormone storage and release

A

synthesis of thyroglobulin, transport of iodide, T3 and T4 storage within the glycoprotein

47
Q

endocrine phase of thyroid hormone storage and release

A

endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin, fusion with lysosomes, the release of free active T3 and T4 to adjacent capillaries

48
Q

parafollicular cells (C cells)

A

poorly staining cytoplasm, round nucleus, found in interstices between follicles in the thyroid

49
Q

secretion of parafollicular cells

A

calcitonin

50
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

lowers calcium levels, inhibits bone resorption, antagonistic to PTH

51
Q

how many parathyroid glands

A

four found on the posterior surface of the thyroid

52
Q

secretion of parathyroid glands

A

parathormone (PTH) which maintains calcium

53
Q

how does PTH maintain calcium

A

stimulating calcium release from bone, increasing renal calcium reabsorption and increasing calcium absorption in the gut

54
Q

histology of parathyroid glands

A

CT capsule, delicate septa conveying vessels and nerves, parenchyma containing chief cells, oxyphil cells and adipose cells

55
Q

what are chief cells

A

small, lightly stained cells with dark central nuclei that secrete PTH

56
Q

what are oxyphil cells

A

larger eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria

57
Q

what are the adrenal glands

A

paired organs at the superior poles of the kidneys

58
Q

histology of adrenal glands

A

thick CT capsule, mesodermal cortex (~90% of gland) and small, reddish-brown medulla derived from neural crest cells

59
Q

regions of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

60
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

columnar/pyramidal cells arranged in clusters and glomeruli separated by delicate trabeculae with prominent capillaries (acidophilic cytoplasm with darkly staining nuclei)

61
Q

secretions from zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids and aldosterone

62
Q

function of mineralocorticoids

A

affect uptake of sodium and potassium ions and water by epithelial cells

63
Q

function of aldorsterone

A

promote sodium ion retention in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney

64
Q

zona fasciculata

A

1-2 cell thick narrow columns/cords separated by fine collagen and fenestrated capillaries that run at right angles to the gland surface (pale staining cytoplasm with abundant SER and mitochondria)

65
Q

secretion of the zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

66
Q

what does cortisol do

A

raise blood glucose levels, increase cellular synthesis of glycogen and increase the rate of protein breakdown

67
Q

zona reticularis

A

Polyhedral/rounded cells arranged in branching anastomosing cords separated by sinusoidal capillaries (darkly staining cytoplasm with a small number of adipocytes, well developed SER and mitochondria and shrunken pyknotic nuclei)

68
Q

secretion of zona reticularis

A

glucocorticoids and androgens, DHEA -> testosterone

69
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

Large pale staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords/clumps supported by reticular network with sinusoidal capillaries

70
Q

what do chromaffin cells do

A

respond to pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine

71
Q

arterial supply to the adrenal gland

A

capsular branches, cortical arterioles and medullary arterioles

72
Q

venous drainage of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal veins

73
Q

what is the pancreas

A

a mixed endocrine and exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones

74
Q

exocrine portion of pancreas

A

serous acini

75
Q

endocrine portion of pancreas

A

islets of langerhans

76
Q

what do A-cells of the pancreas secrete

A

glucagon

77
Q

what do D-cells of the pancreas secrete

A

Somatostatin

78
Q

what do B-cells of the pancreas secrete

A

insulin

79
Q

what do F/PP-cells of the pancreas secrete

A

pancreatic polypeptide

80
Q

what do the testes do

A

produce spermatozoa but also secrete testosterone

81
Q

what are leydig cells

A

cells responsible for testosterone production in the testes

82
Q

what do the ovaries do

A

produce ova but also secrete oestrogen and progesterone

83
Q

what do the theca interna produce

A

precursors which are converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

Histology final exam (7 decks)

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