Pathology Flashcards
Tis
Tumour in situ, the tumour is contained within the mucosa and has not broken through the muscularis mucosae, thus the cells are still at their normal site (this is an adenoma)
Adenoma
Tumour in situ
T1
Tumour has invaded the submucosa, but not the muscularis externa
T2
Tumour has invaded the muscularis externa, but has not extended beyond it
T3
Tumour has invaded beyond the muscularis externa into the connective tissue surrounding these muscle coats, but has not perforated through the serosa or invaded adjacent tissue
T4
Tumour has directly invaded other organs (i.e. Not through metastasis, but as a continuous tumour) or has perforated the serosa of the colon (and thus is now exposed to the peritoneal cavity
N0
No regional lymph node metastasis
N1
Metastasis to 1-3 nearby lymph nodes
M0
No metastasis to distant, non-lymph node, tissues
M1
Metastasis to distant, non-lymph node, tissues
Stage I
T1/T2, N0, M0
Stage IIA
T3, N0, M0
Stage IIB
T4, N0, M0
Stage IIIA
T1/T2, N1, M0
Stage IIIB
T3/T4, N1, M0
Stage IIIC
any T, N2, M0
Stage IV
Any T, any N, M1
What is an adenocarcinoma
Tumour originating from glandular epithelium, which has invaded beyond the site where the tissue is normally found (i.e. Beyond the epithelial basal lamina). Can be termed well-differentiated or poorly-differentiated
What is adenoma
A benign tumour of glandular epithelium, such as found lining the colon, that has not invaded the basal lamina ( usually displaying dysplasia)
What is dysplasia
An expansion of numbers of immature that is restricted to the site where the cells are normally found.
What is metastasis
Spread of a tumour from one site to a non-adjacent site
