Pathology

Question 1

Tis

Answer 1

Tumour in situ, the tumour is contained within the mucosa and has not broken through the muscularis mucosae, thus the cells are still at their normal site (this is an adenoma)

Question 2

Adenoma

Answer 2

Tumour in situ

Question 3

T1

Answer 3

Tumour has invaded the submucosa, but not the muscularis externa

Question 4

T2

Answer 4

Tumour has invaded the muscularis externa, but has not extended beyond it

Question 5

T3

Answer 5

Tumour has invaded beyond the muscularis externa into the connective tissue surrounding these muscle coats, but has not perforated through the serosa or invaded adjacent tissue

Question 6

T4

Answer 6

Tumour has directly invaded other organs (i.e. Not through metastasis, but as a continuous tumour) or has perforated the serosa of the colon (and thus is now exposed to the peritoneal cavity

Question 7

N0

Answer 7

No regional lymph node metastasis

Question 8

N1

Answer 8

Metastasis to 1-3 nearby lymph nodes

Question 9

M0

Answer 9

No metastasis to distant, non-lymph node, tissues

Question 10

M1

Answer 10

Metastasis to distant, non-lymph node, tissues

Question 11

Stage I

Answer 11

T1/T2, N0, M0

Question 12

Stage IIA

Answer 12

T3, N0, M0

Question 13

Stage IIB

Answer 13

T4, N0, M0

Question 14

Stage IIIA

Answer 14

T1/T2, N1, M0

Question 15

Stage IIIB

Answer 15

T3/T4, N1, M0

Question 16

Stage IIIC

Answer 16

any T, N2, M0

Question 17

Stage IV

Answer 17

Any T, any N, M1

Question 18

What is an adenocarcinoma

Answer 18

Tumour originating from glandular epithelium, which has invaded beyond the site where the tissue is normally found (i.e. Beyond the epithelial basal lamina). Can be termed well-differentiated or poorly-differentiated

Question 19

What is adenoma

Answer 19

A benign tumour of glandular epithelium, such as found lining the colon, that has not invaded the basal lamina ( usually displaying dysplasia)

Question 20

What is dysplasia

Answer 20

An expansion of numbers of immature that is restricted to the site where the cells are normally found.

Question 21

What is metastasis

Answer 21

Spread of a tumour from one site to a non-adjacent site