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Histology final exam > Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

innate immune system

A

non-specific immunity

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2
Q

adaptive immune system

A

specific immunity

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3
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus and bone marrow

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4
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes and MALT

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5
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

they kill virus-infected cells and some tumor cells

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6
Q

what do B-lymphocytes do

A

produce antibodies (humoral immunity)

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7
Q

what do T-lymphocytes do

A

participate in cellular immunity

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8
Q

subsets of T-Lymphocytes

A

T-helper cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Suppressor T cells

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9
Q

supporting cells of the lymphatic system

A

antigen-presenting cells, epithelial cells, stromal cells, leukocytes

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10
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do

A

kill virus-infected and some cancer cells, requiring interaction with helper cells to activate and proliferate to form clones of effector cells

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11
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

they use mediators known as interleukins to provide assistance to B cells, cytotoxic T cells and macrophages

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12
Q

what do suppressor T cells do

A

may suppress immune responsiveness to self-antigens and possibly switch off the response when antigen is removed

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13
Q

what do memory T cells do

A

provide a rapid reaction force for a subsequent encounter with the same antigen

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14
Q

what lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes and natural killer cells

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15
Q

location of the thymus

A

anterior mediastinum

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16
Q

cells of the connective tissue septa of the thymus

A

epithelioreticular cells

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17
Q

the main change of the thymus from an infant to an adult

A

the lymphoid tissue is replaced with adipose tissue

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18
Q

contents of the darkly staining cortex

A

large numbers of T cells, epithelioreticular cells, macrophages

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19
Q

contents of the lightly staining medulla

A

T cells (larger and less densely packed), epithelioreticular cells, Hassall’s corpuscles

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20
Q

life cycle of a T cell

A

positive selection in the cortex -> negative selection in the medulla -> enter the bloodstream

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21
Q

what are thymic nurse cells

A

form part of the blood-thymus barrier in the cortex, invested by basal lamina, with cytoplasmic processes linked by desmosomes that create a physical barrier protecting the immature lymphocytes from blood-borne antigens

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22
Q

contents of an epithelial reticular cell

A

lysosomes, electron-dense granules and tonofilaments

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23
Q

what are lymph vessels

A

thin-walled, endothelially-lined vessels that look similar to capillaries but lack a basal lamina

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24
Q

common locations of lymph vessels

A

dermis of skin, liver, beneath mucous membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts

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25
Q

what do lymph vessels do

A

interstitial fluid and wandering lymphocytes are taken up by lymphatic vessels and added back to the circulation

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26
Q

lymphatic drainage order

A

lymphatic vessels -> thoracic duct -> subclavian veins

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27
Q

what tissue do lymph nodes derive from

A

mesenchyme

28
Q

composition of a lymph node

A

capsule, cortex, para-cortex, medulla, and subcapsular sinus

29
Q

structures present at the hilum of a lymph node

A

small artery, small vein and afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels

30
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

lymph enters the node

31
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

lymph exits the node

32
Q

main functions of a lymph node

A

filtration, production of lymphocytes, synthesis of antibodies (mainly IgG) and recirculation of lymphocytes

33
Q

contents of the cortex of lymph nodes

A

lymphoid nodules occupied by B cells

34
Q

contents of the para-cortex of lymph nodes

A

T cells

35
Q

primary lymphoid nodules

A

spherical aggregates of tightly packed B cells in a network of reticular fibres

36
Q

secondary lymphoid nodules

A

have a germinal center containing actively dividing B cells and a mantle zone surrounding containing resting B cells

37
Q

what occurs in the para-cortex

A

antigen-dependent T cell differentiation and proliferation

38
Q

contents of the medulla of the lymph node

A

loosely arranged lymphoid tissue, medullary cords consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells, medullary sinuses, and irregularly arranged trabeculae

39
Q

flow of lymph in a lymph node

A

delivered to the subcapsular sinus -> trabecular sinus -> medullary sinus -> exits via efferent vessels at hilum

40
Q

what cells occupy the para-cortical region of a lymph node

A

T cells

41
Q

lining of high endothelial venules in lymph nodes

A

cuboidal epithelium

42
Q

what are high endothelial venules

A

specialized venules for passage of B and T cells by selective diapedesis from the blood into perivascular areas

43
Q

morphology of high endothelial venules

A

cuboidal endothelial cells, prominent perivascular sheath, thick basal lamina

44
Q

what is homing

A

the movement of B and T cells across high endothelial venules into lymph nodes and other sites

45
Q

what lymphoid organ lacks high endothelial venules

A

the spleen

46
Q

evolution of B cells

A

naive B cell -> small centrocyte -> large centrocyte -> small centroblast -> large centroblast -> immunoblast -> memory B cell or plasma cell

47
Q

divisions of MALT

A

GALT, NALT, BALT and VALT

48
Q

what is MALT characterized by

A

lymphocyte infiltrations, which are not sharply delineated from surrounding CT but are supported loosely by reticular fibres

49
Q

main immunoglobin formed in MALT

A

IgA produced by plasma cells

50
Q

what type of cell is abundant in the dome of Peyer’s patches

A

M cells

51
Q

what are palatine tonsils

A

organized masses of lymphoid tissue which, alongside lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils, form Waldeyer’s ring

52
Q

lining of the liminal palatine tonsil

A

stratified squamous epithelium

53
Q

what separates the base of the tonsil from the underlying muscle

A

dense collangenous hemicapsule

54
Q

what does the tonsillar parenchyma contain

A

numerous lymphoid follicles with germinal centres similar to those found in lymph nodes

55
Q

blood supply to the spleen

A

splenic artery provides the spleen with a rich blood supply

56
Q

blood drainage of the spleen

A

splenic vein drains the blood from the spleen into the hepatic portal artery

57
Q

main functions of the spleen

A

production of immunological responses against blood-borne antigens, removal of particulate matter or defective blood cells from circulation, and hematopoiesis in the normal fetus

58
Q

what does the structure of the spleen allow

A

intimate contacts to be made between the blood and lymphocytes

59
Q

histology of the spleen

A

capsule, trabeculae, white pulp and red pulp

60
Q

what is white pulp

A

greyish-white islands of lymphoid tissue, most surrounding a central arteriole and forming a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

61
Q

where is the central arteriole in a PALS derived from

A

the splenic artery

62
Q

where do lymphoid nodules lie in white pulp relative to the arterioles

A

peripherally

63
Q

what is surrounding white pulp

A

a shell of sparsely cellular lymphoid tissue - the marginal zone - that contains macrophages and B lymphocytes

64
Q

what is red pulp

A

it makes up a majority of the spleen and contains abundant erythrocytes

65
Q

what occupy the cords of Bilroth in the spleen

A

reticular cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages, alongside all formed elements of circulating blood

66
Q

what is a cord of Bilroth

A

splenic cords which are reticular tissue rich in lymphocytes

67
Q

what is a stave cell

A

an unusual endothelial cell with an incomplete basement membrane

Histology final exam (7 decks)

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