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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

perception

A

conscious awareness of a sensation

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2
Q

general senses

A

temp
pain
touch
pressure
vibrations
proprioception

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3
Q

special senses

A

smell/olfaction
taste/gustation
vision
hearing
balance/equilibrium

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4
Q

where does olfaction occur

A

in nasal cavity either side of nasal septum
inferior to cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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5
Q

what do olfaction organs consist of

A

olfactory epithelium and olfactory glands

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6
Q

process of smell

A
  1. air swirls in nasal cavity
  2. reaches olfactory organs diffusion into mucus
  3. cilia attached to receptor extends into mucus and chemicals interact
  4. binding of odorant’s changes permeability of membrane causing AP
  5. info relayed to cns
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7
Q

olfactory pathways

A

bundle of axons penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to reach olfactory bulb. axons leaving here go along olfactory tract to cortex of cerebrum, hypothalamus and limbic system

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8
Q

gustatory receptors

A

on superior surface of tongue, adjacent to larynx and pharynx

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9
Q

what are taste buds

A

taste receptors and specialised epithelial cells

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10
Q

why are taste buds on the side

A

to protect from mechanical damage

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11
Q

3 types of papillae

A

filiform (no buds)
fungiform (5)
circumvallate (100)

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12
Q

primary taste sensations

A

sweet
salt
bitter
sour
umami
water

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13
Q

what are gustatory cells

A

sensory receptor I taste buds extending microvilli into surrounding fluids through taste pore

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14
Q

taste mechanisms

A
  1. dissolved chemicals contact taste hairs
  2. stimulates changes in potential = AP
  3. monitored by 3 cranial nerves (facial, vagus, glossopharyngeal)
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15
Q

vision structure

A

extrinsic eye muscles
lacrimal gland
cranial nerves
blood vessels
fat

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16
Q

vision mechanism

A
  1. light enter and refracted at cornea and lens
  2. absorbed at retina by photoreceptors (rods and cones)
  3. interacts with photopigments
  4. photopigment splits altering flow of electrical current
17
Q

photopigments

A

rhodopsin
opsin
retinal

18
Q

cones and rods

A

central vision (colour)
periphery (intensity)

19
Q

visual pathways

A
  1. 2 optic nerves reach into diencephalon at the optic chiasm
  2. half nerve fibres from each eye cross to reach thalamus on opposite sides of brain
  3. nuclei here relays info to reflex centres on brain stem and visual. cortex
20
Q

hearing receptors

A

in temporal bone of skull
mechanoreceptors (pressure)

21
Q

anatomy of middle ear

A

air filled cavity
separated from ear canal by tympanic membrane
contains auditory ossicles

22
Q

what are the 3 auditory ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

23
Q

inner ear receptor location

A

in membranous labyrinth containing 2 fluids (endolymph and perilymph)

24
Q

inner ear structure

A

boney cochlear contains cochlear duct (between 2 perilymph chambers)
dense boney labyrinth walls

25
Q

round and oval window locations

A

round = base of tympanic duct
oval = base of vestibular duct

26
Q

organ of corti

A

where hair cells of cochlear duct are
just above basilar membrane
stereoccllia of hair cells in contact with tectonal membrane

27
Q

process of hearing

A
  1. sound waves arrive
  2. vibrations in tympanic membrane
  3. move 3 tiny bones
  4. move oval window
  5. move fluid
  6. presses against hair cells
  7. AP generated
28
Q

what monitors cochlear hair cells

A

sensory neurones in spiral ganglion

29
Q

auditory pathways

A

axons enter medulla and synapse at cochlear nucleus
info brought together
inferior colliculus synapsing
synapse in thalamus
auditory cortex of temporal lobe
reaches awareness

30
Q

where are balance sensations provided

A

by hair cells of vestibular apparatus, semi circular canals and otoliths

31
Q

balance mechanics

A

semicircular canals and otoliths pick up info on rotational body movements
(contain fluid filled chambers )
causes movement in canals
fluid presses on cupula
hair cells move
AP

32
Q

where are hair cells for balance located

A

in ampulla

33
Q

cupula

A

gelentin fluid

34
Q

utricle and saccule

A

u = horizontal linear acceleration
s = vertical

35
Q

equilibrium pathways

A

sensory neurones monitor hair cells of otoliths and canals
afferent fibres form vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve

36
Q

roles of vestibular nuclei

A

integrate sensory info from each side of head
relay info to cerebellum
relay info to cerebral cortex
send motor commands along efferent fibres to brain stem

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 (18 decks)

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