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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

AP transmission across synapse

A

AP arrives
axon terminal depolarised causing Na channels to open
causes Ca channels to open and Ca influx
releases acetylcholine into cleft
interacts with Na channels on post SN membrane
Na channels open and move in (depolarised)
causes voltage heated Ca open and in
causes increase Ca from SR
AP stops

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2
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

senses tension
has an inhibitive afferent neurone
large forces generated, feedback from it activates muscle to decrease

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3
Q

muscle spindle

A

encapsulated muscle fibres positioned parallel to normal muscle fibres
sense change in length
afferent wraps around it
efferent causes it to contract to maintain tension in middle

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4
Q

4 types of neurone

A

anaxonic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

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5
Q

anaxonic neurone

A

in brain and special senses
very small
no anatomical features distinguish dendrites from axon

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6
Q

bipolar neurone

A

2 processes
1 dendrite
1 axon with cell body between
rare
in special senses

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7
Q

unipolar neurone

A

dendrites and axon continuous
cell body off to one side
most sensory PNS neurones

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8
Q

multipolar neurone

A

2+ dendrites
1 axon
most common CNS
all motor neurones controlling skeletal muscle

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9
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

passage for sensory and motor impulses
integrates info on its own and controls reflexes and automatic motor responses

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10
Q

spinal cord structure

A

grey matter = unmyelinated neurones
31 segments with pair of dorsal root ganglia (contains cell bodies of sensory neurones)

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11
Q

ventral roots in spinal cord

A

contain axons of motor neurones

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12
Q

what do dorsal roots do

A

bring sensory info to spinal cord

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13
Q

what does grey and white matter do

A

grey = contains cell body and neuroglia
white = myelinated and uunmyelinated axons

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14
Q

how are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped

A

according to region of vertebral column

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15
Q

what’s the name for specific regions of the body spinal nerves monitor

A

dermatome

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16
Q

3 layers of the brain

A

reptilian brain (stem) = involuntary
mammalian brain (limbic system) = emotion
higher brain (cerebral cortex) = logic and creativity

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17
Q

6 areas of the brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum

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18
Q

cerebellum functions

A

complex somatic motion eg balance
voluntary and involuntary contractions
white and grey matter

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19
Q

what is in the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
epithalamus

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20
Q

hypothalamus functions

A

controls emotion
autonomic function
hormone production

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21
Q

thalamus functions

A

relays and processes sensory info

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22
Q

what is in the mid brain

A

mesencephalon

23
Q

mesencephalon functions

A

process auditory and visual info
maintain consciousness
generation of reflective somatic motor responses

24
Q

pons functions

A

links all together
relays signals from cerebrum to cerebellum
subconscious
r/s, sleep, bladder control

25
Q

medulla oblongata function

A

links brain stem and spinal cord relay sensory info to thalamus
autonomic function eg hr

26
Q

what provides physical protection of brain

A

bones
cranial meninges
cerebrospinal fluid

27
Q

biochemical insulation of brain

A

blood brain barrier

28
Q

cranial meninges layers

A
  • dura mater (outer tough layer)
  • arachnoid mater (web like delicate)
  • pia mater (fragile close to surface)
29
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

surrounds all CNS exposed surfaces
same density as brain = shock absorb
transport nutrients and waste

30
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12

31
Q

cranial nerves

A

olfactory
optic
occulomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

32
Q

olfactory

A

chemoreceptors for smell

sensory

33
Q

optic

A

in retina
destination = diencephalon
occipital lobe

sensory

34
Q

occulomotor

A

movements in the eye - lens shape
originates midbrain

motor

35
Q

trochlear

A

lateral and down movement of eye

motor

36
Q

trigeminal

A

largest
many destinations
how face feels
chewing action

sensory and motor

37
Q

abducens

A

lateral eye movement

motor

38
Q

facial

A

taste receptors on tongue
facial expressions
salivary and tear glands

sensory and motor

39
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

balance and hearing
cochlear branch = hearing
vestibular branch = motion

sensory

40
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

taste and motor response for swallowing

sensory and motor

41
Q

vagus

A

many functions
digestive muscles

sensory and motor

42
Q

accessory

A

originates in motor nuclei of neck and upper back

motor

43
Q

hypoglossal

A

destination in tongue controlling its movement

motor

44
Q

graded potentials

A

affect limited portion of membrane \too small area to effect activity of cells
in response to environmental stimulus

45
Q

is chemical or electrical gradient stronger

A

chemical

46
Q

process of continuous AP propagation

A

ap in segment 1 depolarised to +30
local current = na spread away from channel and depolarised
second segment generates ap while first refractory period
repeat

47
Q

speed of unmyleinted axon vs myelinated

A

1m/s
18-140ms

48
Q

graded vs action potentials

A

g = depolarise or hyperpolarise
a = only depolarise
g = no threshold
a = threshold before ap starts
g = depends on intensity of stimulus
a = all or none (identical)
g = passive spread from site
a = one site depolarises adjacent
g = effect decreases with distance from stimulus
a = along entire membrane equally
g = no refractory
a = refractory
g = most plasma membrane
a = only excitable membranes

49
Q

excitatory NT

A

depolarisation of neurone = promotes AP

50
Q

inhibitory NT

A

hyper polarisation of neurone = suppress AP

51
Q

where are all neurones cholinergic

A

pns

52
Q

norepinephrine

A

excitatory
adrenergic synapses
broken by monoamine oxidase

53
Q

dopamine

A

excitatory or inhibitory
dopaminergic synapses

54
Q

serotonin

A

sleep wake cycle
serotonergic synapses

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 (18 decks)

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