Joints Flashcards
Functional classification
synarthrosis - immovable
amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
diarthrosis - freely moveable
rotation of forearm
pronation - radius crosses over ulna
palm faces posteriorly
supination - anatomical position
palm faces anteriorly
foot movement
inversion - twist sole medially
eversion - twist sole laterally
structural classification
bony fusion (bone-bone by bone)
fibrous (by collagen)
cartilaginous (by cartilage)
synovial (rane)
synostosis joint
fusion of adjacent bones
suture (fibrous) joint
narrow fibrous joint between skull bones by collagen
synarthrosis
gomphosis (fibrous) joint
fibrous joint anchoring roots of teeth by ligament
synarthrosis
syndesmosis (fibrous) joint
fibrous joint with bones linked by membrane or ligament
amphiarthrosis
synchondrosis (cartilaginous) joint
cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by cartilage or hyaline
synarthrosis
symphysis (cartilaginous) joint
body of 2 bones meet separated by fibrocartilage discs
amphiarthrosis
synovial joint
between bone that move against each other
diarthrosis
bony joints
type-synostosis
functional-synarthrosis
description-fused
eg-left and right frontal bones
feature of synovial joint - articular cartilage
smooth covering
cartilage prevent bones touching
reduce friction
feature of synovial joint - synovial fluid
high protein content (proteoglycans)
secreted by fibroblasts
lubricates
distributes nutrients
shock absorber
feature of synovial joint - joint capsule
fibrous connective tissue
synovial membrane
joint accessory structures
meniscus - fibrocartilage pad
fat pad - superficial, protection
ligaments - support and strength
tendons - attach muscle, support
bursae - pockets of fluid, cushion
types of synovial joint
gliding - eg claviculo-sternal
hinge - monoaxial, eg elbow
pivot - monoaxial rotation eg Atlanto-axial
condylar - biaxial eg radoiocarpal
saddle - biaxial eg first cargo-metacarpal
ball and socket - triaxial eg shoulder
factors affecting synovial function
shape of articulating bones
joint capsule and ligaments
menisci
tendons and muscle crossing
fat pads
vertebrae joints
intervertebral discs containing annulus fibrosis (outer layer) and nucleus pulposus (elastic core) forming gliding joint
damage to vertebrae disc
slipped discs = release nucleus pulposus and compress spinal cord = pain in body
should (glenohumeral) joint components
glenoid labrum (fibrocartilage ring, deepens cavity for stability)
ligaments for movement
rotator cuff muscles
bursae prevents rubbing
hip (coxal) joint components
head of femur articulates with deep acetabulum
acetabular labrum deepens cavity
strong joint capsule by ligaments
hip (coxal) joint features
deeper socket = stable
fibrocartilage = support
thick and dense = stable
elbow joint
articulations = humeroulnar (trochlea humerus with trochlear notch), humeroradial (capitulum humerus with radius head)
ligaments = radial collateral
knee joint articulations
modified hinge joint (3 joints in 1 capsule) 2x femur-tibia joints - medial and lateral condyles and menisci
patella-patellar surface of femur
knee joint ligaments
patellar
anterior and posterior cruciate
tibial and fibular collateral ligaments
fibula not part of joint
fibular collateral tightens when straight = no lateral movement
joint injuries
sprain - tear ligament fibre
dislocation - articulating surfaces displaced
subluxation - partial dislocation
joint disease
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis
osteoarthritis
wear and tear
damage to articular cartilage and underlying bone
common with age
inflammatory condition
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune condition
inflammation of articular cartilage
gouty arthritis
decomposition of crystals in joint due to metabolic disorder (antibody attach to joint, uric acid from break down of protein)
