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EXCI 254 > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

1
Q

receptor of pain

A

nociceptor

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2
Q

receptor of temperature

A

thermoreceptor

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3
Q

receptor of touch

A

mechanoreceptor

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4
Q

receptor of pressure

A

mechanoreceptor

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5
Q

receptor of vibration

A

mechanoreceptor

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6
Q

receptor of proprioception

A

proprioceptors

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7
Q

what are the 5 special sense

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

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8
Q

3 types of cells of olfaction

A
  • Olfactory receptor cells
  • Supporting cells
  • Basal stem cells
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9
Q

type of neuron of olfactory receptor cell

A

bipolar neurons

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10
Q

function of olfactory receptor cells

A

• Respond to chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule - initiate the olfactory response

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11
Q

what is the olfactory receptor cells

A

• Single axons project through cribiform plate into the olfactory bulb

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12
Q

composition of supporting cells of olfaction

A

Columnar epithelial cells which line the nose

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13
Q

function of supporting cells of olfaction + nerve involve

A

• Provide physical support, nourish, and insulate the
olfactory rec. cells
• Help detoxify the chemicals which come in contact with olfactory epithelium
- CVII

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14
Q

location of basal stem cells

A

Lie between the bases of supporting cells

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15
Q

function of basal stem cells

A 
Continually undergo cell division to produce new
olfactory receptor cells
 •  1 cell lives ~ 1 month
•  # decreases with age
•  decreased sensitivity with age
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16
Q

olfactory pathway

A

olfactory receptor cell, olfactory nerve than pass through cribriform plate, goes to olfactory bulb and olfactory tract until primary olfactory area in cerebral cortex

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17
Q

what are the 5 majors classes of stimuli

A

sour, sweet, bitter, salty, Unami

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18
Q

how does taste occurs

A

Odors from food pass up into nasal cavity - stimulate olfactory receptor cells

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19
Q

location of receptor of taste

A

taste buds

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20
Q

location of taste buds

A

tongue, soft palate, pharynx, larynx, in papillae

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21
Q

is taste buds decrease with age

A

yes

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22
Q

3 cells of taste buds

A

supporting cell, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells

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23
Q

pathway of gustatory receptor

A

Gustatory receptor cells synapse with dendrites of a sensory neuron - branch out and contact many gustatory receptor cells in several taste buds

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24
Q

gustatory pathway

A
  • From taste buds, impulses propagate along these cranial nerves to the medulla oblongata
  • Some taste fibers will project to limbic system areas and hypothalamus
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25
Q

where does taste fibers project to

A

limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus and to primary gustatory area in parietal lobe

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26
Q

where is contain the sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

lacrimal caruncle

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27
Q

what are the layer of eyelid from sup to deep

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsus, cunjunctiva (palpable )

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28
Q

function of eyelashes and eyebrows

A
  • Protect eyeball from foreign objects
  • Protect eyeball from perspiration
  • Protect eyeball from direct rays from sun
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29
Q

function of sebaceous glands

A

release a lubricating fluid into the hair follicles (infection = sty)

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30
Q

function of lacrimal apparatus

A

produce and drain lacrimal fluid, protect, clean, lubricate

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31
Q

what is contain in the watery solution of lacrimal apparatus

A

salt, mucous, llyzosysme

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32
Q

action of superior rectus m.

A

moves eyeball superiorly and medially

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33
Q

action of inferior rectus

A

moves eyeball inferiorly and medially

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34
Q

action of lateral rectus

A

abduct eyeball

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35
Q

action of medial rectus

A

adduct eyeball

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36
Q

action of sup oblique

A

moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally

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37
Q

action of inf oblique

A

moves eyeball superiorly and laterally

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38
Q

what are the 3 layers of eyeball sup from deep

A

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina

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39
Q

2 part of the fibrous tunic

A

anterior cornea

post sclera

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40
Q

function of anterior cornea

A

helps focus light into retina

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41
Q

function of posterior sclera

A

give shape and protect inner part of eyeball

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42
Q

which part give the white of the eye

A

sclera

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43
Q

which part of the eye is transparent

A

cornea, lens

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44
Q

what are the 3 part of the vascular tunic of eyeball

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

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45
Q

function of choroid

A

provides nutrient to retina

46
Q

function of ciliary body (muscle)

A

alter shape of lens

47
Q

function of iris

A

respond to change in light level

48
Q

what happens with pupil when there is bright light

A

pupil constrict as circular muscle of iris contract (parasympathetic)

49
Q

what happens with pupil when there is dim light

A

pupil dilate as radial muscle of iris contract (sympathetic)

50
Q

which muscle is responsible when pupil constrict

A

circular muscle

51
Q

which muscle is responsible when pupil dilate

A

radial muscle

52
Q

retina consist of

A

pigment epithelium and neural portion

53
Q

which part of the retina is non-visual portion

A

pigment epithelium

54
Q

which part of retina is visual portion

A

neural portion

55
Q

what are the 2 photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

56
Q

what allows us to see in dim light

A

rods

57
Q

which photoreceptor is stimulate by brighter light

A

cones

58
Q

which photoreceptor produce coloraturas vision

A

cones

59
Q

which photoreceptor is stimulated at low light threshold

A

rods

60
Q

what is contains in fovea centralis

A

cones

61
Q

function of fovea centralis

A

sharpness of vision

62
Q

where is the optic disc

A

blind spot

63
Q

in which part of the eyes there’s no rods or cones

A

optic disc

64
Q

which structure of eyes is avascular

A

lens

65
Q

position of lens

A

posterior to pupil and iris

66
Q

what is the composition of lens

A

protein (crystalline)

67
Q

what is helding lens in place

A

suspensory lig

68
Q

function of lens

A
  • Fine tunes focusing of light rays

* Facilitates clear vision

69
Q

which cavity is the aqueous humor

A

anterior

70
Q

which cavity is the virtuous humor

A

posterior

71
Q

visual pathway in the retina

A
  • Beginning of significant processing of the visual signals
  • Axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the retina to the brain
  • Rods and cones will release neurotransmitters which lead to the generation of nerve impulses
72
Q

visual pathway in the brain

A
  • Axons of optic nerve pass through optic chiasm
  • Some fibers cross to the opposite side, others remain uncrossed
  • After the optic chiasm, the fibers form the optic tract, enter the brain and terminate in the thalamus (some bypass and go directly to sup. colliculi)
  • Optic radiations project to visual areas in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex (after synapsing in the thalamus)
73
Q

what is contain in the external ear

A

auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

74
Q

how is the auricle attached to the head

A

lig and muscle

75
Q

where does the external acoustic meatus is

A

temoral bone

76
Q

what does secrete ear wax

A

Specialized oil glands (ceruminous) secrete ear wax (cerumen)

77
Q

role of wax

A

Along with hair, protect from dust / foreign objects

78
Q

location of tympanic membrane

A

Thin, semi-transparent membrane between auditory canal and middle ear

79
Q

the tympanic membrane is cover by what

A

epidermis

80
Q

what are the 3 bones located in middle ear

A
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (Anvil)
  • Stapes (Stirrup)
81
Q

what is the middle ear

A

Air filled cavity lined with epithelium

82
Q

what is contain in the ossicle

A

malleus, incus, stapes

83
Q

what Articulates with tympanic membrane and incus

A

malleus

84
Q

what Articulates with stapes and malleus

A

incus

85
Q

what Articulates with incus and sits on oval window

A

stapes

86
Q

what are the muscle attaching to ossicle

A
  • Tensor Tympani Muscle

* Stapedius Muscle

87
Q

composition of Eustachian tube

A

bone and hyaline cartilage

88
Q

what connect the Eustachian tube

A

middle ear and nasopharynx

89
Q

role of Eustachian tube

A

Allows air to enter / leave the middle ear until: • pressure in middle ear = atmospheric pressure

90
Q

in which part of inner ear there is perylymph

A

outer bony labyrinth

91
Q

what is contain in the outer bony labrinth

A
  • Semi-circular canals
  • Vestibule
  • Cochlea
  • Contains perilymph (similar to CSF)
92
Q

contain of inner membranous labyrinth

A
  • Utricle and saccule
  • Semi-circular duct
  • Contains endolymph (high concentration of K+ ions)
93
Q

in which part of the inner ear there is endolymph

A

inner membranous labyrinth

94
Q

2 branch of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

vestibular cochlear

95
Q

function of vestibular branch

A

sensory and motor

96
Q

function of cochlear branch

A

sensory: hearing

97
Q

which nerve branch off the vestibular branch

A

Ampullar, Utricular and Saccular nerves

98
Q

what create the equilibrium

A

synapse of vestibular branch with receptor cells

99
Q

location of cochlea

A

anterior to vestibule

spiral around modulus

100
Q

3 channels of cochlea

A

scala vestibolo
scala tympani
cochlear duct

101
Q

where does Scala vestibuli end

A

oval window

102
Q

where does Scala tympani end

A

round window

103
Q

what separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli

A

vestibular membrane

104
Q

what separates cochlear duct and scala tympani

A

basilar membrane

105
Q

role of basilar membrane

A

separate cochlear duct and scala tympani

106
Q

role of vestibular membrane

A

Separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli

107
Q

location of organ of corti

A

on basilar membrane

108
Q

composition of organ of corti

A

Coiled sheet of epithelial cells

109
Q

role of organ of cortisones

A

receptor for hearing

110
Q

where does organ of corti synapse

A

Synapse with sensory and motor neurons from the COCHLEAR branch of CN VIII

111
Q

what is the mechanism of hearing

A
  1. sound enter in external auditory canal
  2. sound wave on tympanic membrane
  3. sound travel into malleus than incus
  4. stapes vibrate in oval window
  5. vibration of oval window create vibration on vestibular membrane which make the sound travel in Scala vestibuli than into helicotrema, than cochlea, than Scala tympani
  6. the vibration than spread into basilar membrane into organ of corti
  7. then the basilar membrane create a vibration into the secondary membrane in round window

EXCI 254 (10 decks)

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