CNS: brain Flashcards
the brain receive what
Receives information about the body’s inner workings and about the outside world via the s.c. and the PNS
what is identical in everyone brain
gyrin
what is found btw gyro
fissure (sulci)
what is the function of gyri and sulci
increase surface area of the brain
what does increase the surface area of the brain
gyri and sulci
where is located the pre central gyrus
immediately ant. to the central sulcus
pathway of pre central gyrus
tract that leave here descend pyramidal tract or corticospinal tracts -> leaving cortex to go to spinal cord
motor cortex is in which gyrus
pre central
where is located the post central gyrus
immediately post to the central sulcus
what are the 2 tracts in the post central gyrus
Spinothalamic tracts and spinocerebellar tracts
sensory cortex is in which gyrus
post central
what are the major fissures in the brain
longitudinal cerebral fissure • transverse fissure
• lateral sulci/fissure
• central sulcus
which fissure Separates (partially) two cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal
which fissure Occupied by the falx cerebri which is a double-folded dura mater membrane
longitudinal
what is the falx cerebri
double-folded dura mater membrane
location of transverse fissure
Lies between the occipital lobe and the cerebellum
name of the dural extension that separates the 2 cerebellar hemisphere
falx cerebelli
what is the falx cerebelli
he dural extension that separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres is called the falx cerebelli
what lies in the transverse fissure
dural membrane
tentorium cerebelli
the dural membrane and tentorium cerebelli lies where
in transverse fissure
what are the 3 cavities in the embryo
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
what developed from the prosencephalon in 5 week embryo
telencephalon
diencephalon
what develop from telencephalon in five week embryo
cerebrum
what develop from diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
what are the 5 secondary brain vesicles
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myenlencephalon
what develop from mesencephalon
midbrain
what develop from mesencephalon
pons
cerebellum
what develop from mylencephalon
medulla oblongata
the cerebrum divided in
Divided in the sagittal plane into two halves: the right and left
cerebral hemispheres
the hemisphere of the cerebrum control the activities of the same side of the body
false
describe the hemisphere of cerebrum
• Hemispheres are mirror images of one another in many ways but there are functional distinctions between them
in which hemisphere the development of language is usually develop
left
what is located in the right hemisphere
• Areas that govern three-dimensional visualization and artistic creations are located in the right hemisphere
where does the insula is
lies deep to the cortex and medial to the temporal lobe
the conscious mind happened where
cerebral cortex
what are the 3 directions of the internal white matter
commissural tract
association tract
projection tract
what is commissural tract
connect 2 hemisphere of the brain -> corpus callosum, anterior commissure
what is association tract
connect 2 zone within the same region -> corona radiate, septum pellucid
what is a projection tract
project to one region of brain to another region, connect 2 region of the brain
what is a basal ganglia
several masses of gray matter
what are the 3 structures of basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus
- amygdala
- lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus, putamen)
location of thalamus in relation of BG
more medial + posterior
function of BG
• Relay station for motor impulses
• Control large unconscious (autonomic) movements of skeletal
muscles
• Control initiation, termination and intensity
what can happen if BG isn’t working properly
- Brings about involuntary contractions of the skeletal muscles
- Muscle spasticity
- Parkinson’s disease. there is a disruption of the muscle movement integrity
the diencephalon is associated with which endocrine glands
pineal and pituitary gland
what are the 2 prominent structures of diencephalons
thalamus and hypothalamus
what connect the 2 thalamus toghether
intermediate mass
what does surround the 3 ventricle
thalamus
relation of thalamus with optic chiasma
lies superior to optic chiasma
principle function of thalamus
Principle relay station for sensory (afferent)
impulses traveling to cerebral cortex
which of structure of the brain is the gateway to cortex
thalamus
other function of thalamus
Also relay for involuntary motor (efferent) impulses travelling outward – maintenance of consciousness
when does the thalamus is involved
Involved with early conscious recognition of sensations related to survival (ie: P, T, touch and pressure)
what forms part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle
pineal gland
function of pineal gland
Secretes at least one hormone, melatonin, but its function remains in doubt
May inhibit secretion of FSH and LH from ant. pituitary gland and regulate body rhythms
relation of pineal gland and posterior commissure
anterior to post commissure
what is partially housed in sella turcica
hypothalamus
function of hypothalamus
controls many involuntary body activities, most of which have a direct effect of homeostasis – major regulator
- Control of the ANS
- Production of hormones (oxytocin, ADH)
- Reg. of emotional & behavioral patterns
- Reg. of eating and drinking
- Control of blood/body temperature
- Reg. of awakening and sleep patterns (sets daily schedule)
what are the projection of hypothalamus
mamillaire bodies, pituitary gland
location of mamillary bodies
Lie at the base of the brain & hypothalamus-2 round masses
mammillary body is associated with what
smell
what does extend from maxillary body
pituitary gland
what connect mammillary body and pituitary stalk
tuber cinerium
where is located the midbrain
btew diencephalon and pons
role of cerebral peduncle
connect cerebrum with region below
function of sup colliculi
sight
function of inf colliculi
hearing
function of substantial nigra
release dopamine to basal nuclei
what are the 2 part o rhombencephalon
metencephalon and myelencephalon
what is the pons consist of
Consists of white matter and scattered masses of
nuclei (gray matter)
what controls the breathing rhythm
pons
role of pons
Connection btw s.c. and brain as well as parts of the brain with each other
which nerve is associated with the pons
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
what happens if the rostral portion of inferior vermis is compressed
difficulty maintaining balance
what is considered as the automatic pilot for motor response
cerebellum
what region is responsible for the posture and balance
cerebellum
function of cerebellum
Main region for posture & balance
• Fine tuning of movements through constant feedback, resolves differences between intended movement and actual movement
role of cerebellar peduncles
Carry sensory information from sensory organs in muscles, joints, and the inner ear
Enable brain to determine status of voluntary motor activities, equilibrium and balance
• Coordinate and provide precision to skeletal muscle contraction initiated by cerebrum
which structure enable brain to determine status of voluntary motor activities, equilibrium and balance
cerebellar peduncle
which structureCoordinate and provide precision to skeletal muscle contraction initiated by cerebrum
cerebellar peduncle
sup, inf, middle cerebellar peduncle connect what
sup: cerebellum to midbrain
mid: pons
inf: medulla oblongata + cerebellum
location of medulla oblongata
inf to pons extend down until spinal cord
outside of medulla oblongata is white/grey matter and inside is white/grey matter
outside white
inside gray
white matter of medulla oblongata consist of ascending/descending nerves fibers btw brain and sc
white matter consists of all ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve fibers extending btw brain and s.c.
role of gray matter in medulla
reflex centers play a role in visceral reflexes,
consciousness and arousal
nerve associated with medulla oblongata
CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
role of cardiac center
heart rate regulation (rate, force)
vasomotor center role
regulates blood pressure by varying the
diameter of blood vessels
respiratory center role
medullary rhtimicity area
controls dept and rhythm of breathing
what does protect the brain
skull, css, meninges
which layer of meninges look like a spider web
arachnoid
which layer of meninges look like sanrawrap and is the gentle mother
pia matter
which layer of meninges is the tough mother
dura matter
is the meninges of brain are continuous with those of spinal cord
yes
what order of layer do we meet when we open the cranium
periosteal layer, meningeal layer (dura mater), arachnoid and pia mater
location of lateral ventricle
in each hemisphere
location of 3rd ventricle
center of diencephalon
location of 4th ventricle
btw cerebellum and medulla oblongata
other name of inter ventricular foramen
foramen of Monroe
other name of cerebral aqueduct
aqueduct of midbrain
what the pathway of csf
lateral ventricle-> inter ventricular formen -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle
fomrmation of csf
formed by filtration of blood plasma through dense
networks of capillaries called choroid plexus (CP)
what form the blood brain barrier
Capillary walls of the CP and supporting neuroglia
