Special Lipids

Question 1

Another name for phospolipids are __________, they are composed of _______, they contain one _______ for membrane fluidity. In Phospholipids, ____ esterify the phosphate group

Answer 1

glycerophospholipids; glycerol, phosphate, base (OH), FA

unsaturated FA =; bases

Question 2

Remember TG and phospholipids share a similar synthesis pathways. What is it for phospholipids?

What is lecetin?

Answer 2

Glycerol P –> Esterified (x2) –other–> phosphatidic –phosphatase–> diacylglycerol

phoshatidic + Base - phospholipid
diacylglycerol + (P)Base = phospholipid

Lecetin aka phosphitadlycholine [base = choline]

Question 3

How are phospholipids degraded in lysosomes? Name the enzymes and function

Answer 3

Phospholipase A1: FA-1 (most cells)
Phospholipase A2: FA-2 (most cells); has pancreatic isoform
Phospholipase C: lysosome; cleaves ((P)) base; has isoform functions in signal transduction (membrane-bound) IP3?

Question 4

Sphingolipids C1-3

Explain sphingosine?
Explain Ceramide?
What is shingomyelin (myelin sheath - Every Cells)

Answer 4

[ C1 & C3 - OH
C2 - NH2
C4 - esterified palmitoic acid ] = Sphingosine!
Ceramide: +NH2 esterified w/ FA
(P)rylcholine repl. terminal OH

Question 5

Synthesis of sphingosine occurs by the condensation rxn of ____ w/ ______; addition of FA to C2 forms _____

Answer 5

palmitoic acid, w/serine

Ceramide

Question 6

Because there is no regulation of sphinoglipid synthesis, when to much is made they go to ____ and are ____. Deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes results in _____, which is ____

Answer 6

lysosomes (macrophage too), hydrolasd, shingolipidoses

Question 7

Cerimide becomes other sphingolipids when the ___ group is bond to ____ ;name the four classes

Answer 7

OH, simple/complex sugars

sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, Globosides, Gangliosides, Sulfatides

Question 8

Tay-Sachs Disease?

Enzyme Def

Answer 8

Hexosaminidase A -

Ganglioside pw

Question 9

Gaucher’s Disease? (most prev)

Enzyme Def

Answer 9

Glucocerebrosidase

Question 10

Fabry’s Disease?

Enzyme Def

Answer 10

A - galactosidases A

Cerebroside pw

Question 11

Niemann-Pick Disease?

Enzyme Def

Answer 11

Shingomyelinase

Question 12

Krabbe’s Disease?

Enzyme Def

Answer 12

galactocerebosidase

Sulfatide/Galactoside pw

Question 13

_____ needs to be eaten to make ______ which is the ____ attached to C_ of ____; action of ____ cleaves _____ into ____, ______

Answer 13

linoleic acid; arachidonic acid; FA; C2 phosphitadylinositol; phospholipase A2; arachidonic acid; prostaglandins/thromboxanes & Leukotrines

Question 14

Name the pathways that turns arachidonic acid into prostaglandins/thromboxanes? Leukotrines? Some have __, __ ; all have

Answer 14

COX (cycloxeginase)
Lipoxygenase
cyclooxeginase, peroxide,
OH

Question 15

The prostaglandin synthase complex (PGS) main enzyme has two functions, name them, and the intermediate that gives rise to all other prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Answer 15

FA cyclooxegenase (COX); and peroxidase

PGG2

Question 16

COX 1

COX 2

Answer 16

1: constititive: healing
2: Macrophages: inducible produces prostag. that function in inflammation

Question 17

Anti-Inflammatory Steroid inhibit ____ stopping _____ release and synthesis of _____

______ inhibit ____ only; allowing the _____ pathway to still function

Answer 17

Phospholipase A2, anachidonic acid, P/T/L;

NSAIDS
COX
Lipoxygenase

Question 18

Inhibition of COX leads to what?

What is a the name of the specific COX only inhibitor?

Answer 18

Damage of stomach/kidney; impaired blood clotting

VIOXX, celecoxib