FA Degradation & Ketone Body Synthesis

Question 1

Beta Oxidation Energy Math

Acetyl-CoA’s
Rounds of B-Oxidation
NADH, FADH =

Answer 1

Beta Oxidation Energy Math
Acetyl-CoA’s = #/2
Rounds of B-Oxidation = Acetyl-CoA-1 (4 carbon broke in 2)
NADH, FADH = [1, 1] per round.

Question 2

Name the two Lipases involed in FA degredation, thier location and their function

Answer 2

Lipoprotein (on endothelial cells of BV/tissue cells) - hydrolyzes TG in VLDL’s and Chylomicrons

Hormone Sensitive Lipase (cytosol of adipose tissue) - controls mobilization of FA from TG stored in adipose tissue.

Question 3

What happens to FA and Glycerol produced by ADIPOSE tissue lipase? (HSL)

Answer 3

Released to Circulating blood.
FA binds to albumen
glycerol no binging - goes to liver (gluconeogenesis/glucose)

Question 4

Hormonal Regulation of both Lipases

Answer 4

Lipoprotein Lipase (+) Insulin, Apolipoprotien C2

Hormone Sensitive Lipase (+) Glucagon, Epinephrine
(-) insulin, prostoglandin

Question 5

B-Oxidation occurs in the _____ yielding _______, The 4 step process is _________; _____ ATP are generated per C16’s; The _____ goes to the TCA cycle, the ______ go to Terminal oxidation

Answer 5

????, 1 Acetyl-CoA, 1 FADH2, 1 NADH + H per cycle.
Dehydrogenation (FADH2), hydroxylation, oxidation (NADH), thiolysis (Acetyl-CoA); 129
Acetyl-CoA, NADH/FADH2

Question 6

Explain the three general steps of FA degradation

Answer 6

1) Fatty Acid Activation: Acetyl CoA –> Fatty Acyl-CoA by FAC - Synthase
2) CPT1 binds acyl group (FA - no CoA) joins it with carnitine (1 ATP); Carnitine carries Acyl Group to innermembrane (middle). Translocase moves (Carnitine+Acyl) to Matrix.

CPTII relieves carnitine and Acyl group is transferred back to CoA by (1 ATP)

3) 4 Step B-Oxidation (beginning with acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) DHDT

Question 7

There a 4 types of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (use FAD+)

Answer 7

VLCAD: 20-24 (peroxisomes)
LCAD: 12-18
MCAD: 6-10 carbons
SCAD: 4-6 carbons

Question 8

Small and medium carbon FA ______ need carnitine to cross the mitochondrial membrane. They _____ need toe be be activated first.

Answer 8

dont, do

Question 9

What occurs when a acyl-CoA dehydration are in defect: What do you expect to see?

Answer 9

Fat accumulation (no lysis)
Accumulation of acyl bound carnitine in blood (cant enter matrix)
Jaundice

Question 10

Regulation of Carnitine shuttle is the ________: (-) in presence of _____ inhibits CPT-1; Carnitine can come from ____ or is made by the liver

Answer 10

Rate limiting, Malonyl Co A (product of FA synthesis), Diet.

Question 11

What is the final product of B-Oxidation of Odd chain fatty acid? What are the called? Where do they go? What are cofactors of this reaction

Answer 11

AcCoA + Propionyl-CoA (C3)
propionyl-CoA converted to Succinyl-CoA –> glucose (only FA that can produce glucose)
need biotin B7, B12

Question 12

What is the final product of B-Oxidation of un-saturated chain fatty acid? Why the stop? What enzymes are needed to fix? what about polyunsaturated?

Answer 12

Enzymes stop at Cis configuration. Ditto,

S: isomerase
P: NADPH dependent reductase

Question 13

What happens to very long FA/Branched, when degraded?
How is FAD use different?
Name the enzyme that causes reduction to water
What are the products of one round of this digestion

Answer 13

Digested in the Peroxisomes,
FADH not used for energy
Catalyse
NADH and 1 Acetyl-CoA

Question 14

What are the products of Omega/Alpha oxidation respectively? Where do they occur Respectively?

Answer 14

O: (dicarboxilic acids) ER
A: (hydroxylated FA) ER and Mitochondria

Question 15

Ketone Body Synthesis: What Enzyme cleaves HMG-CoA (used in cholesterol synthesis too) ? What are the products

Answer 15

HMG-CoA Lyase, Acetyl CoA & Acetoacetic Acid (interchanged with 3- Hydroxybutyrate)