Special discussion

Question 1

stress and brain
memory

structural changes

functional changes

Answer 1

main area affected: hippocampus
structural changes
-leads to atrophy and neurogenesis disorders
-decrease # of neurons and synaptic terminals
functional changes
-reduction in spatial memory (how u move through place like you know dimensions in you room gets damaged)
-disturbance in hippocampus- no long term memory
-weakened verbal memory

Question 2

neurogenesis

Answer 2

growth and development of nervous tissue

Question 3

atrophy

Answer 3

decrease in the size of a tissue or organ due to cellular shrinkage

Question 4

stress and brain
Cognition and learning

structural changes

functional changes

Answer 4

hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal lobe
Structural changes
neurodegenerative problems
Functional changes
reducing of cognition
making behavioral, cognitive, and mood disorders (in amygdala)
disorders in hippocampus (night before exam you stress and review, it wont be useful) assessing problem, decision making also affected

Question 5

when people are stressed,

Answer 5

heart rate and O demand increases. Cortisol and epinephrine is being released, so going up.

Question 6

people who have stressful jobs have a

Answer 6

higher rate of heart attacks. coronary vasoconstriction is enhanced. if coronary arteries are narrowing, less oxygen gets through. easier to clog them.

Question 7

stress affects appetite

Answer 7

you eat less

Question 8

appetite modifying

Answer 8

anorexia induction, reduces food and water intake

Question 9

GI Tract Movement

Answer 9

prevents stomach from emptying, causes diarrhea

area receptors are involved in:CRH2 receptors in stomach

Question 10

digestive functions

Answer 10

modifying absorption, intestinal permeability, acid secretion is increased, decreases water reabsorption (stool=watery)
area receptors are involved in: parasympathetic system

Question 11

GI system inflammation

Answer 11

increase inflammation by substance P secretion, causes irritable bowel syndrome
area receptors are involved in: T lymphocytes and cytokines

Question 12

resilience

Answer 12

overcome something that is something very negative. someone who has resilience has grit (means keep going). grit is a persistence. they are working against a negative situation.
res : cognitive and emotional decrease approach

Question 13

PTSD

Answer 13

those who dont emerge emotionally intact and are scarred

Question 14

what restores our emotional equilibrium?

Answer 14

biochemical, chemical, and behavioral factors

Question 15

resilience starts at an early age (example)

Answer 15

if someone takes a swing at you, the hypothalamus releases a stress signal in the form of corticotropin-releasing hormone. then fight or flight. if you constantly stress, a set of stress hormones gush constantly. cortisol can damage brain cells in the hippocampus and amygdala (regions involved w memory/emotion). end up an emotional and physical wreck. luckily many of us are resilient.

Question 16

release of cortisol (#1 stress hormone)

Answer 16

hypothalamus releasing CRH that will tell pituitary to release ACTH and that tells cortical cells of adrenal to release cortisol.
DHEA lessens the effect of cortisol

Question 17

when people are resilient

Answer 17

they switch off stress hormones more readily. chemicals such as DHEA which lessen the effects of cortisol and neuropeptide Y which lessens anxiety by reducing the effect of CRH.

Question 18

5-HTT gene

Answer 18

not resilient gene

Question 19

melancholy

Answer 19

helps us healing after a loss. our brains stops us from getting stuck in an inconsolable psychological state. “resilience stat” sensor returns us back to equilibrium.

Question 20

after trauma, 2/3 of people surveyed

Answer 20

had few, if any symptoms. symptoms such as flashbacks, difficulty sleeping, and other symptoms. within 6 months, this number fell below 10%. some people talk about it to overcome it, some don’t want to. in the end, things turn out alright.