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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 25 - Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

healthy

A

proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins and minerals, salt

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2
Q

metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical and physical changes that occur in body tissues

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3
Q

catabolism

A

catabolic reactions
–Converts large molecules into smaller ones
–Breakdown of organic substrates releases energy to make ATP

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4
Q

anabolism

functions of anabolism?

A

anabolic reactions
–Converts small molecules into larger ones
–Synthesis of new organic compounds is an “uphill”process that forms new chemical bonds
Functions of anabolism
–Perform repairs
–Store nutrient reserves

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5
Q

nutrient pool

A

All available nutrient molecules distributed in blood

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6
Q

brain cant go without

A

5 seconds of sugar

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7
Q

where do we keep glycogen?

A

liver (they release it), muscle (they store it)

carbohydrates

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8
Q

where do we store proteins?

A

muscle

amino acids

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9
Q

where do we store fats?

A

skin, visceral fat, liver

fatty acids + glycerol

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10
Q

nutrient reserves

triglycerides

A
  • Most abundant storage lipids

* fatty acids

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11
Q

glycogen

A
  • Most abundant storage carbohydrate

* A branched chain of glucose molecules

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12
Q

proteins

A

•Most abundant organic components in body

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13
Q

25 year old male what is the proportions?
muscle
fat
bone mass

A

38
15
27

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14
Q

25 year old female what is the proportions?
muscle
fat
bone mass

A

32
25
24

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15
Q

females have higher fats bc

males have more muscle bc

A

of estrogen and pregnancy

of testosterone

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16
Q

oxidation

A

loss of H or electrons. E donor is oxidized

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17
Q

reduction

A

gain of H or electrons. E recipient is reduced

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18
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • in mitochondria
  • e passed though series of oxidation-reduction reactions
  • ultimately transferred to oxygen
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19
Q

coenzymes

A

FAD and NAD

they either accept or remove H atoms

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20
Q

cellular

A

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

  • Involves glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
  • 1 molecule of glucose= net gain of 30–32 molecules ATP
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21
Q

glycolysis steps

A

breaks down into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

creates glucose-6-phosphate

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22
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

–in mitochondria
–Requires oxygen
–Krebs cycle, generates ATP

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23
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

happens in mitochondria

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24
Q

for most cells generating ATP is the reaction pathway that

A

starts with glucose, and ends with CO2 and water

25
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

–Glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

26
Q

how many carbons does one single AA have?

A

at least 2

27
Q

only tissue that can release glucose

A

is liver. liver can increase glucose levels.

28
Q

Lipid catabolism (lipolysis)

A

breaks lipids down. Converted to pyruvate

•Channeled directly into citric acid cycle

29
Q

Hydrolysis splits triglyceride into component parts

A
  • 1 molecule of glycerol

* 3 fatty acid molecules

30
Q

Enzymes in cytosol convert glycerol to pyruvate

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters citric acid cycle

31
Q

when sugar levels go down

A

we are burning fatty acids

32
Q

carbs

A

source of energy, but it has to be at a specific level (insulin and glucagon). where we getting energy from if we don’t eat? fatty acids.

33
Q

cells gain 120 ATP from breakdown of

A

one 18 carbon fatty acid molecule

34
Q

lipids are not

A

soluble in water

  • special transport mechanisms
  • most lipids circulate through bloodstream as lipoproteins
35
Q

free fatty acid (FFA)

A

– diffuse easily across plasma membranes
–In blood, bound to albumin (most abundant plasma protein)
•Those not used in making of triglycerides that diffuse from intestinal epithelium

36
Q

lipoproteins

A

–Lipid–protein complexes
•Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)—“bad cholesterol”
•High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)—“good cholesterol”

37
Q

resting skeletal muscles absorb

A

fatty acids and break them down for atp production or storage as glycogen

38
Q

major cause of heart attacks

A

LDL

39
Q

when you have high levels of HDL

A

returns cholesterol to liver

40
Q

LDL’s extract

A

cholesterol and uses it in various ways

41
Q

normal levels of
HDL
LDL

A

> 350

< 100

42
Q

body makes how many proteins?

A

100,000 - 140,000 proteins

43
Q

vitamin B6

A

removal of amino group. urea cycle

44
Q

when you break down proteins you get

A

ammonium ions. difficult to break down.

45
Q

cortisol levels peak around

A

8 or 9 am. little peak at lunch.

46
Q

if you have a lot of cortisol you are

A

fat and stressed

47
Q

five metabolic tissues

A 
–Liver
–Adipose tissue
–Skeletal muscle
–Nervous tissue
–Other peripheral tissues
48
Q

Adipocytes are located in many areas

A
  • Areolar tissue
  • Mesenteries
  • Red and yellow bone marrows
  • Epicardium
  • Around eyes and kidneys
49
Q

skeletal muscles uses

A

glycogen reserves

50
Q

other peripheral tissues

A

follows instructions from endocrine system

51
Q

absorptive state

A
  • Period following a meal

* Lasts about four hours

52
Q

Postabsorptive state

A

•Normal blood glucose levels
•Body relies on internal energy reserves
•Most cells break down lipids or amino acids
–Preserving glucose for use by nervous tissue

53
Q

leptin

A

released by adipose tissues during absorptive state

-suppress appetite

54
Q

ghrelin

A

released by empty stomach, stimulates appetite

55
Q

CCK

A

released by pancreas

suppress appetite

56
Q

leptin, ghrelin, CCK, and regulation of energy intake

A

emotional state, its personal

57
Q

cis unsat fat

A

easier to break down

58
Q

trans unsat fat

A

bad, harder to break down, more stable, not natural

59
Q

false
fat =
unsat =

A

bad

bad

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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