Chapter 17- Blood

Question 1

blood is

Answer 1

connective tissue

composed of plasma and cells

Question 2

functions of blood

Answer 2

• stabilize body temp
• regulating pH and ion comp. of interstitial fluids
• defends against toxins and pathogens
• stops fluid loss at injured sites

Question 3

thin layers called

Answer 3

capillaries. blood slows down when it goes through capillaries

Question 4

characteristics of blood

Answer 4

– 38C
– High viscosity
– Slightly alkaline (pH of 7.35–7.45)
-Blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight

Question 5

if you lose 30% of blood

Answer 5

not good for heart

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

– Makes up about 55% of blood volume
– >90% of plasma is water
– Similar composition to interstitial fluid
• Bc water, ions, small solutes are exchanged across capillary walls

Question 7

plasma proteins

Albumins (60%)

Answer 7

• contributes to plasma osmolarity

* Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones

Question 8

plasma proteins

Globulins (35%)

Answer 8

• Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
• Transport globulins including hormone-binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins (lipoproteins), and steroid-binding proteins

Question 9

plasma proteins

Fibrinogen (4%)

Answer 9

• Functions in clotting
• Converted to insoluble fibrin
• Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin leaves serum (fluid) in blood sample

Question 10

plasma proteins

other plasma proteins (1%)

Answer 10

enzymes and hormones

Question 11

origins of plasma proteins

Answer 11

– > 90% made in liver
– Antibodies made by immune cells
– Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs

Question 12

platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 12

– Cell fragments involved in clotting system
– Circulate for 9–12 days
– Removed by phagocytes, mainly in spleen
– 150,000-500,000 per microliter of blood
– 1/3 of platelets in vascular organs like spleen

Question 13

white blood cells (leukocytes)

functions?

Answer 13

-immune cells 
– Lack hemoglobin
WBC functions
• Defending body against pathogens
• Removing toxins/wastes
• Attacks damaged cells

Question 14

red blood cells or erythrocytes

Answer 14

• carries out hemoglobin

- transport of O and CO2 in blood

Question 15

red blood cell count in males and females

Answer 15

Adult male: 4.5–6.3 million

Adult female: 4.2–5.5 million

Question 16

hemoglobin

Answer 16

– transports O2 and CO2
– Complex quaternary structure
– Four globular protein subunits
• Each with one molecule of heme w/ one iron ion

Question 17

fetal hemoglobin

Answer 17

– Binds oxygen more readily than adult hemoglobin

• Takes up oxygen from maternal blood at placenta

Question 18

hemoglobin takes

Answer 18

myoglobin oxygen

Question 19

each red blood cell contains about

Answer 19

280 million Hb molecules

• Each RBC can carry over a billion O2 molecules

Question 20

In peripheral capillaries, where O2 is low, hemoglobin

Answer 20

• Releases O2

* Binds CO2

Question 21

At the lungs, where O2 is high, hemoglobin

Answer 21

• Binds O2

* Releases CO2

Question 22

anemia

Answer 22

Hb content of RBCs is reduced

Question 23

Erythropoiesis

Answer 23

– Red blood cell formation
– In embryos, embryonic blood cells move from bloodstream to liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
-differentiate into stem cells
– In adults, occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
-requires aa, iron, folic acid, and vitamins B12 and B6

Question 24

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Answer 24

– Stem cells in myeloid tissue that divide to produce
• Myeloid stem cells
– Become RBCs and WBCs
• Lymphoid stem cells
– Become lymphocytes

Question 25

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 25

– Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis | – Secreted by kidneys and liver when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia)

Question 26

blood doping

Answer 26

A dangerous practice where athletes injected epo

Question 27

lack of vitamin b12

Answer 27

leads to pernicious anemia

Question 28

average life span of RBC

Answer 28

120 days

Question 29

some children born with jaundice

Answer 29

they break down rbc more than usual

Question 30

hemolysis

Answer 30

the rupture of rbc's

Question 31

rbc types

Answer 31

are surface antigens on rbc

Question 32

types of white blood cells

Answer 32

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 33

neutrophils (WBC)

Answer 33

``` – 50–70% of WBCs • Lysosomal enzymes – Release prostaglandins – Live in bloodstream for 10 hours or less • Dead neutrophils contribute to pus ```

Question 34

Eosinophils (acidophils) (WBC)

Answer 34

– 2–4% of WBCs – Sensitive to allergens – Release enzymes that reduce inflammation caused by mast cells/neutrophils

Question 35

basophils (WBC)

Answer 35

– < 1% of WBCs • Histamine—dilates blood vessels • Heparin—prevents blood clotting

Question 36

Monocytes (WBC)

Answer 36

– 2–8% of WBCs –in bloodstream for 24 hours – become macrophages

Question 37

Lymphocytes (WBC)

Answer 37

– 20–40% of WBCs – in and out of bloodstream – Mostly in organs of lymphatic system and connective tissues other than blood – Part of body’s specific defense system

Question 38

B cells (B lymphocytes)

Answer 38

make antibodies

Question 39

t cells (T lymphocytes)

Answer 39

specific. 1:1. attacks one thing

Question 40

Natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 40

Detect and destroy abnormal cells

Question 41

leukemia

Answer 41

Low WBC count

Question 42

Leukocytosis

Answer 42

High WBC count

Question 43

WBC development

Answer 43

– Some lymphoid stem cells remain in red bone marrow • Differentiate into B cells or natural killer cells – Others migrate from red bone marrow to lymphatic tissues • Thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes • Produce lymphocytes • T cells are produced in thymus

Question 44

functions of platelets

Answer 44

– Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls

Question 45

calcium ions and vitamins K

Answer 45

– imp in clotting process | – Vitamin K is required for synthesis of four clotting factors

Question 46

bleeding and clotting extremes

Answer 46

– Thrombocytopenia - lack of clotting – Hemophilia - lacking completely – Thrombophilia – Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - lack of circulation