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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 17- Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood is

A

connective tissue

composed of plasma and cells

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2
Q

functions of blood

A
  • stabilize body temp
  • regulating pH and ion comp. of interstitial fluids
  • defends against toxins and pathogens
  • stops fluid loss at injured sites
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3
Q

thin layers called

A

capillaries. blood slows down when it goes through capillaries

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4
Q

characteristics of blood

A

– 38C
– High viscosity
– Slightly alkaline (pH of 7.35–7.45)
-Blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight

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5
Q

if you lose 30% of blood

A

not good for heart

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6
Q

Plasma

A

– Makes up about 55% of blood volume
– >90% of plasma is water
– Similar composition to interstitial fluid
• Bc water, ions, small solutes are exchanged across capillary walls

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7
Q

plasma proteins

Albumins (60%)

A
  • contributes to plasma osmolarity

* Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones

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8
Q

plasma proteins

Globulins (35%)

A
  • Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
  • Transport globulins including hormone-binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins (lipoproteins), and steroid-binding proteins
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9
Q

plasma proteins

Fibrinogen (4%)

A
  • Functions in clotting
  • Converted to insoluble fibrin
  • Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin leaves serum (fluid) in blood sample
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10
Q

plasma proteins

other plasma proteins (1%)

A

enzymes and hormones

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11
Q

origins of plasma proteins

A

– > 90% made in liver
– Antibodies made by immune cells
– Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs

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12
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

– Cell fragments involved in clotting system
– Circulate for 9–12 days
– Removed by phagocytes, mainly in spleen
– 150,000-500,000 per microliter of blood
– 1/3 of platelets in vascular organs like spleen

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13
Q

white blood cells (leukocytes)

functions?

A 
-immune cells 
– Lack hemoglobin
WBC functions
• Defending body against pathogens
• Removing toxins/wastes
• Attacks damaged cells
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14
Q

red blood cells or erythrocytes

A
  • carries out hemoglobin

- transport of O and CO2 in blood

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15
Q

red blood cell count in males and females

A

Adult male: 4.5–6.3 million

Adult female: 4.2–5.5 million

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16
Q

hemoglobin

A

– transports O2 and CO2
– Complex quaternary structure
– Four globular protein subunits
• Each with one molecule of heme w/ one iron ion

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17
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A

– Binds oxygen more readily than adult hemoglobin

• Takes up oxygen from maternal blood at placenta

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18
Q

hemoglobin takes

A

myoglobin oxygen

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19
Q

each red blood cell contains about

A

280 million Hb molecules

• Each RBC can carry over a billion O2 molecules

20
Q

In peripheral capillaries, where O2 is low, hemoglobin

A
  • Releases O2

* Binds CO2

21
Q

At the lungs, where O2 is high, hemoglobin

A
  • Binds O2

* Releases CO2

22
Q

anemia

A

Hb content of RBCs is reduced

23
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

– Red blood cell formation
– In embryos, embryonic blood cells move from bloodstream to liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
-differentiate into stem cells
– In adults, occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
-requires aa, iron, folic acid, and vitamins B12 and B6

24
Q

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A 
– Stem cells in myeloid tissue that divide to produce
• Myeloid stem cells
– Become RBCs and WBCs
• Lymphoid stem cells
– Become lymphocytes
25
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

– Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis

– Secreted by kidneys and liver when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia)

26
Q

blood doping

A

A dangerous practice where athletes injected epo

27
Q

lack of vitamin b12

A

leads to pernicious anemia

28
Q

average life span of RBC

A

120 days

29
Q

some children born with jaundice

A

they break down rbc more than usual

30
Q

hemolysis

A

the rupture of rbc’s

31
Q

rbc types

A

are surface antigens on rbc

32
Q

types of white blood cells

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes and monocytes

33
Q

neutrophils (WBC)

A 
– 50–70% of WBCs
• Lysosomal enzymes
– Release prostaglandins
– Live in bloodstream for 10 hours or less
• Dead neutrophils contribute to pus
34
Q

Eosinophils (acidophils) (WBC)

A

– 2–4% of WBCs
– Sensitive to allergens
– Release enzymes that reduce inflammation caused by mast cells/neutrophils

35
Q

basophils (WBC)

A

– < 1% of WBCs
• Histamine—dilates blood vessels
• Heparin—prevents blood clotting

36
Q

Monocytes (WBC)

A

– 2–8% of WBCs
–in bloodstream for 24 hours
– become macrophages

37
Q

Lymphocytes (WBC)

A

– 20–40% of WBCs
– in and out of bloodstream
– Mostly in organs of lymphatic system and connective tissues other than blood
– Part of body’s specific defense system

38
Q

B cells (B lymphocytes)

A

make antibodies

39
Q

t cells (T lymphocytes)

A

specific. 1:1. attacks one thing

40
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

Detect and destroy abnormal cells

41
Q

leukemia

A

Low WBC count

42
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High WBC count

43
Q

WBC development

A

– Some lymphoid stem cells remain in red bone marrow
• Differentiate into B cells or natural killer cells
– Others migrate from red bone marrow to lymphatic tissues
• Thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
• Produce lymphocytes
• T cells are produced in thymus

44
Q

functions of platelets

A

– Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls

45
Q

calcium ions and vitamins K

A

– imp in clotting process

– Vitamin K is required for synthesis of four clotting factors

46
Q

bleeding and clotting extremes

A

– Thrombocytopenia - lack of clotting
– Hemophilia - lacking completely
– Thrombophilia
– Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - lack of circulation

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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