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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 18 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

direct communication

A
  • Exchange of ions/molecules bw adjacent cells across gap junctions
  • Occurs between two cells of same type
  • rare
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2
Q

paracrine communication

A

Chemical signals transfer info from cell to cell within 1 tissue

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3
Q

autocrine communication

A
  • Messages affect the same cells that secrete them
  • Chemicals involved are autocrines
  • Example: prostaglandins secreted by smooth muscle cells cause the same cells to contract
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4
Q

endocrine communication

A
  • Endocrine cells release hormones that are transported in bloodstream
  • Alters metabolic activities of many organs
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5
Q

both endocrine and nervous systems

A

– Rely on release of chemicals that bind to specific
receptors on target cells
– Share many chemical messengers (e.g., norepinephrine and epinephrine)
– negative feedback
– Function to preserve homeostasis by regulating activities

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6
Q

transport of hormones

A

may circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins

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7
Q

inactivation of hormones

A

remain functional for < hour and are inactivated when they

  • Diffuse out of bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells
  • broken down by liver or kidneys
  • broken down by enzymes in blood or interstitial fluids
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8
Q

thyroid and steroid hormones

A
  • Remain functional much longer
  • > 99% become attached to special transport proteins in blood
  • Equilibrium state exists bw free and bound forms
  • Bloodstream contains bound hormones
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9
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin

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10
Q

parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hormone PTH

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

Production of ADH, OXT, and regulatory hormones

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12
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A

thyroxine T4
triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin CT

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13
Q

adrenal glands hormones

A 
Medulla 
-Epinephrine (E) (anabolic)
-Norepinephrine (NE) 
Cortex 
-Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, aldosterone, androgens
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14
Q

pancreas (pancreatic islets)

A

insulin, glucagon

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15
Q

heart

A

atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP)

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16
Q

thymus

A

thymosins

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17
Q

adipose tissue hormone

A

leptin

-control of appetite

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18
Q

kidneys hormone

A 
• Erythropoietin (EPO) 
• Calcitriol
• renin
-converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I In the lungs, angiotensin-converting enzyme
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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19
Q

digestive tract controls

A

glucose, metabolism, and appetite

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20
Q

control of hormone secretion

A

May involve only one hormone

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21
Q

humoral stimuli

A

Control hormone secretion by heart, pancreas, parathyroid gland, and digestive tract

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22
Q

hormonal stimuli

A
  • May involve one or more intermediary steps

- Two or more hormones involved

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23
Q

neural stimuli

A

Hypothalamus provides highest level of control

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24
Q

steroid hormones diffuse

A

through plasma membranes and bind to receptors. binds hormone-receptor complex to DNA. activates specific genes. transcription and mRNA production. translation and protein synthesis. target cell response.

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25
Q

production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT)

A

release from posterior lobe of pituitary gland (hypothalamus)

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26
Q

secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

controls other endocrine organs

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27
Q

hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone (RH) to

A

stimulate hormone production by other glands. homeostatic control occurs by negative feedback.

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28
Q

TRH –>

A

TSH –> thyroid gland –> thyroid hormones

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29
Q

CRH –>

A

ACTH –> adrenal cortex –> glucocorticoids

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30
Q

GnRH –>

A

FSH and LH
FSH–> testes (inhibin) and ovaries (inhibin estrogens)
LH –> testes (androgens) and ovaries (progesterone estrogens)

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31
Q

hormones

A

secreted into bloodstream

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32
Q

hormones of anterior lobe

A
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    – Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
    Released due to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
    – Prolactin (PRL)
    Release inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
    Release stimulated by prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
    – Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin
    – Gonadotropins
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33
Q

ACTH released into blood targets

A

adrenal medulla and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

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34
Q

release of epinephrine and norepinephrine? (or release of adrenaline)

A

hormonal release and nervous release

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35
Q

GH (growth hormone) targets

A

liver and releases IGF and somatomedins (has direct affect on bones and muscles)

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36
Q

PRL stimulates

A

(prolactin) mammary gland

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37
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone and releases melanocytes (uncertain significance)

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38
Q

somatomedins (GH)

A
  • tissue growth
  • increase uptake of AA
  • stem cells in epithelia and connective tissues divide
  • glucose sparing effect- breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes
  • diabetogenic effect- breakdown of glycogen by liver cells
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39
Q

OXT

A

males- smooth muscle

females - uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

40
Q

T4 has

T3 has

A

4 iodine atoms

3 iodine atoms

41
Q

thyroglobulin

A
  • contains tyrosine

- secreted into colloid of thyroid follicles

42
Q

homeostasis normal conc of GH in prof is

A

lower than in us. and in us is lower than in teenagers.

  1. age
  2. M/F
  3. physical activity (more physic activity, higher gh)
43
Q

homeostasis disturbed by

homeostasis is restored by

A

decreasing T3 and T4 conc in blood

increasing T3 and T4 conc in blood

44
Q

thyroid hormones

A

-affects almost every cell in body
-binds to receptors
in cytoplasm, on surfaces on mit, in nucleus
-in children, essential to normal development

45
Q

calorigenic effect

A

thyroid hormones activate genes involved in glycolysis and ATP prod

  • increased energy consumption and heat generation in cells
  • strong, immediate, short lived increase in rate of cell. metabolism
  • effects anabolic and catabolic
46
Q

(thyroid gland) C cells produce

A

calcitonin (CT)

  • regualtes Ca2+ conc in blood
  • stimulates Ca excretion by kidneys
  • prevents Ca absorption by digestive tract
47
Q

thyroid hormones effects

A
  • increase heart rate and force of contraction
  • elevates O and energy consumption
  • stimulate red blood cell formation
  • increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
  • stimulates activity in other endocrine tissues
48
Q

parathyroid glands

A

-2 pairs

– 4 glands weigh 1.6 g

49
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

-secreted bc low Ca2+ conc in blood
– Antagonist for calcitonin
-stimulates osteoclasts
Accelerates mineral break and Ca2+ release
– Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ by kidneys, reducing urinary losses
– Stimulates formation and secretion of calcitriol (increases Ca by taking from bones) by kidneys

50
Q

our body temp

A

37 deg C

51
Q

sympathetic stimulation: you have adrenaline everywhere. what does adrenaline do?

A

increases heart rate (increasing AP, faster myosin and actin) and increases sweat. for HR to come up, contractions are faster.

52
Q

average heart rate

A

64

53
Q

heart rate decreases with

A

age

54
Q

antagonist

A

positive feedback

55
Q

adrenal glands
-superficial adrenal cortex

-inner adrenal medulla

A

Lie along superior border of each kidney
– Superficial adrenal cortex
Stores lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids)
– Inner adrenal medulla
produces corticosteroids
Secretory activities controlled by sympathetic division of ANS
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)o

56
Q

fight or fight (sympathetic hormones) controlled by

A

adrenal glands

57
Q

Zona glomerulosa

– Outer region of adrenal cortex

A

– Produces mineralocorticoids (ex aldosterone)
– Aldosterone
Conserves Na ions and eliminates K ions
Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds (Secreted in response to
– Drop in blood Na+, blood volume, or blood pressure
– Rise in blood K+ concentration)

58
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

– Produces glucocorticoids
Ex: cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone
-negative feedback
-inhibitory effect on CRH
-stimulated by ACTH in anterior pituitary

59
Q

if glucocorticoids are high

A

your ACTH levels go down

60
Q

effects of glucocorticoids

A

on body cells
– Accelerate glucose synthesis
– Have anti-inflammatory effects
Inhibit activities of white blood cells and other components of immune system

61
Q

Zona reticularis

A

-Androgen secretion is stimulated by ACTH

Some are converted to estrogens in bloodstream Stimulate development of pubic hair before puberty

62
Q

In skeletal muscles, E and NE trigger

in adipose tissue?
in liver?
in heart?

A

trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves and breaks down glucose faster
-In adipose tissue, stored fats broken down into fatty acids
– In liver, glycogen molecules are broken down
– In heart, heart beats faster and strengthens cardiac muscle contraction

63
Q

making testosterone before

A

making estrogen

64
Q

increase in glucocorticosteroids

decrease in glucocorticosteroids

A

Cushings syndrome

Addisons disease

65
Q

increase in gonadocorticosteroids

decrease in gonadocorticosteroids

A

masculinization of females (adrenogenital syndrome)

no effects known

66
Q

increase in catecholamines

decrease in catecholamines

A

hypertension

unimportant

67
Q

carbohydrate/lipid/protein synthesis

A

mobilizes fats, important for protein synthesis

68
Q

gastrointestinal (GI) system

A

increases secretion of digestive juices

69
Q

integumentary system

A

secretory activity of skin and normal hydration

70
Q

cortisol

A

oscillates. is ACTH oscillating? yes. catabolic.

71
Q

growth hormone peaks

A

during sleep time. high levels of cortisol and no sleep will have a sig effect on a child (can cause short height). not eating enough –> stress.

72
Q

opposite of dwarfism

A

gigantism

73
Q

pancreas

A

gastric and endocrine organ that maintain blood sugar levels
Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon
Beta (β) cells produce insulin

74
Q

when blood glucose levels increase

A

Beta cells secrete insulin

glucose transporters into target cells, causes someone to gain weight

75
Q

when blood glucose levels decrease

A

– Alpha cells secrete glucagon

glycogen breakdown and glucose release by liver

76
Q

insulin

A
  • Stimulating glycogen formation
  • Stimulating aa absorption and protein synthesis
  • Stimulating triglyceride formation in adipocytes
77
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Stimulating breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle fibers and liver cells
  • Stimulating release of glucose in liver cells (gluconeogenesis)
  • Stimulating breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes
78
Q

hyperglycemia

A

Abnormally high glucose levels in the blood

79
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

high glucose concentration
– Glucose appears in urine
– Polyuria
Urine volume becomes excessive

80
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

– inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells
– daily injections or infusions of insulin
– Approx 5% of cases
– Usually develops in children and young adults

81
Q

what they tell a diabetes patient?

A

eat less sugars and exercise

82
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

– Most common
– Normal amounts of insulin are produced, at least initially
Tissues do not respond properly (insulin resistance)
-associated w obesity

83
Q

Complications of untreated or poorly managed diabetes mellitus include

A

– Kidney degeneration –> hypertension (blood is thick)
– Retinal damage - may lead to blindness
-Heart attacks
– Peripheral nerve problems
– Peripheral tissue damage bc reduced blood flow
Tissue death, infection, and amputation

84
Q

organs with secondary endocrine systems

A 
– Intestines (digestive system)
– Kidneys (urinary system)
– Heart (cardiovascular system)
– Thymus (lymphatic system)
– Gonads (reproductive system)
85
Q

When a cell receives instructions from two hormones at the same time, four outcomes are possible
-Antagonistic effect

A

Result depends on balance between two hormones

86
Q

When a cell receives instructions from two hormones at the same time, four outcomes are possible
-Synergistic effect

A

additive effect

87
Q

When a cell receives instructions from two hormones at the same time, four outcomes are possible
-Permissive effect

A

One hormone is needed for another to produce effect

88
Q

When a cell receives instructions from two hormones at the same time, four outcomes are possible
-Integrative effect

A

Hormones produce different but complementary results

89
Q

Growth hormones
in children
in adults

A

in children
Supports muscular and skeletal development
in adults
Maintains normal blood glucose concentrations (liver)
Mobilizes lipid reserves

90
Q

reserve

A

lipocyte breakdown

91
Q

mobilizes

A

move from one place to another

92
Q

stress

A

Any condition that threatens homeostasis

93
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A 
Also called stress response
Divided into three phases:
– Alarm phase
– Resistance phase 
– Exhaustion phase
94
Q
  1. alarm phase
A
  • Immediate response to stress
  • Directed by sympathetic division of ANS
  • Energy reserves (mainly glucose) are mobilized
  • Body prepares “fight or flight” responses
  • Epinephrine is dominant hormone
95
Q
  1. Resistance phase
A
  • When stress lasts longer than a few hours (weeks or months)
  • Lipids and aa are mobilized for energy
  • glucose levels go up
  • Glucocorticoids are dominant hormones
96
Q
  1. Exhaustion phase
A
  • Begins when homeostatic regulation breaks down (hypothalamus)
  • Drop in K+ levels due to aldosterone produced in resistance phase
  • Failure of one or more organ systems will be fatal
    ex. diarrhea, heavy breathing

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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