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WSET Diploma D3 > Spain > Flashcards

Spain Flashcards

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1
Q

brief history of spain

A
  1. phoenician started winemaking and trading then carthaginians, romans, barbarians, christians (main export fortified sherries)
  2. Manuel Quintano y Quintano brings barriques from bordeaux, then after the exile the same with Marques de Murrieta and Riscal.
  3. philloxera attacks France, Spain start exporting wines, stops when philloxera arrives
  4. civil war and world war, plus franco economic isolation
  5. miguel torres, brings german and france varieties
  6. modernisation from mid 70 plus 996 irrigation added
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2
Q

general climate of spain

A

warm influence from coastline, mountain ranges, and lateau

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3
Q

3 main areas of spain and climate differences

A
  1. north west (atlantic - maritime climate, high rainfall, some bits are sheltered by mountains - continental climate)
  2. south/east (mediterranean, moderate)
  3. meseta (600-900 high plateau) continental
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4
Q

spain numbers of production

A
  1. largest vineyard plantings
  2. world third largest producer

why? = low bush vines at low density

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5
Q

why spain is full of low density bush vines?

A
  1. climate = low annual rainfall 300mm (irrigation is controlled by consejo regulador)
  2. low production, general high quality fruit
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6
Q

climate adversities in spain

A
  1. heavy storms followed by rising temperatures (mildew)
  2. spring frost in more continetal climates
  3. grapevine moth (maganed through pheromone traps)
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7
Q

ungrafted areas of spain?

A

toro rueda sandy soils

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8
Q

why organic practices are not diffused in spain?

A

not many customers are willing to pay premium for organic certifications

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9
Q

average size vineyards holding in spain

A

0.66 ha (66%) 3ha (22%)

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10
Q

most planted grapes red/white in spain

A

airen tempranillo then garnacha, bobal, macabeo, monastrell

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11
Q

airen production

A
  1. castilla la mancha - inexpensive neutral white
  2. brandy de jerez
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12
Q

tempranillo styles

A
  1. inexpensive fruity
  2. prestigious, high quality (rioja, ribera, toro)
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13
Q

why tempranillo can do a lot of styles?
ripening, climate he tolerates

A

because of yields control (can go medium to high, top producers are going low)

  1. early ripening
  2. warm climate with moderating influences (altitude, cool winds)
  3. both single varietal or blends
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14
Q

bobal
what kind of wine it makes and where

A

black grape
red/rose in utel requiena

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15
Q

what is garnacha tintoreira

A

is not garnacha is alicante bouchet

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16
Q

main white variety of rioja

A

macabeo (called locally viura)

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17
Q

monastrell specs

A

late ripening

needs a warm mediterranean climate and a late growing season

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18
Q

inexpensive whites in spain general winemaking

A

protective winemaking: stainless steel tempo control inert gasses cultured yeast fining/filtrering some use carbonic/semi-carbonic

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19
Q

fine wine general winemaking in spain

A

emperature conrolled stainless stess/wood. concrete. eggs, amphorae oak maturation common, also lees in stainless

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20
Q

general ageing laws

A
  1. individual DOs have stricter laws but cannot state lower minimum ageing
  2. oak vessels need to be 330lt (individual Dos are different from national)
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21
Q

crianza minimum ageing time + barrels ageing

A

red - 24 months (6 oak) white/rose - 18 months (6 oak)

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22
Q

reserva minimum ageing time + barrels ageing

A

red - 36 months (12 oak) white/rose - 24 months (6 oak)

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23
Q

gran reserva minimum ageing time + barrels ageing

A

red - 60 months (18 oak) white/rose - 48 months (6 oak)

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24
Q

controversy on ageing requirements in spain

A
  1. suggest a hierarchy; it tells that the more they age in wood the better they are which might not be true,
  2. no quality level requested (quality and origin of oak) or style indication

many producers are leaving those qualifications as they believe they don’t give benefit on marketing purposes or because they don’t meet law criteria

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25
Q

robie means?

A

spanish term for oak used on labels for wines with unspecific ageing duration (usually less than crianza)

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26
Q

joven

A

minimum or no oak at all young wines

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27
Q

oak types

A

american - cheaper and strong trading in america, still widely used
french - growing now especially in DOs penedes, priorat, ribeira

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28
Q

rose styles in spain

A
  1. inexpensive bulk (most production) - pale, provence style, stainless
  2. very good quality - deeply coloured, skin contact, stain or oak
  3. traditional (Lopez de Heredia) - mix black and white grapes maceration pressed ferment, oak vessel long ageing
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29
Q

pdo in spain are called

A

DOs (around 70s)
DOCa/DOQ (only Rioja and Priorat)

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30
Q

how can you reach the DOCa?

A
  1. 10 years DO
  2. estate bottled
  3. quality regulation
  4. tasting panel
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31
Q

what is VP?

A

vino de pago, small single estate high reputation (mostly in castilla la mancha, also navarra valencia and aragon), only own grapes, within PDO

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32
Q

what is grandes pagos de espana

A

association of prestigious estates some got also vino de pago status

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33
Q

other labeling terms for under pdo categories

A

vino de la tierra (vt) pgi (largest castilla)
vino - no GI

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34
Q

consejo regulador controls…

A
  1. yields
  2. varietals
  3. minimum ageing
  4. packaging (e.g. bottles or bulk shipping depends on laws)
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35
Q

spain general market division holdings

A

small holdings - mostly co-op
rising negociant (they own some land as well)
estates (only fruit from estate) are small
co-ops

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36
Q

domestic consumption

A

really low more towards higher quality DO wines

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37
Q

exports of spanish wines

A

mostly france-italy (inexpensive - lowest price per litre)
56% total production

uk, usa, china also focused on more premium

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38
Q

promotional body for spanish wines

A

foods and wines from spain

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39
Q

main climatic feature of galicia

A

atlantic ocean proximity

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40
Q

rias baixas

how big it is and who dominates the market

A

largest do of galicia (4000ha)
large co-ops (e.g. martin codax) till growers

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41
Q

quick history of rias baixas

A

after philloxera hybrid varietals and high yield palomino many vineyards are tiny plots

70s/80s push to indigenous varieties and modern equipment

export market rise (because of style, fresh and fruity, and price

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42
Q

rias baixas climate, rainfall and soils

A

borders arlatinc ocean (maritime climate) - moderating influence

1700mm rainfall - fungal diseases, rain prior harvest

free draining soils (sand over granite bedrock)

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43
Q

albarino (ripening and skin)

A

early to mid ripening (ripe in most years)
thick skin (less prone to rot)

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44
Q

other grapes in rias baixas and specs

A

white

loureira (early ripening, medium + acidity citrus, herbal floral)
treixadura (mid ripening, low acidity, apple pear)
caino blanco (late ripening, high acidity citrus)

red

souson (vinhao in vinho verde)
caino tinto

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45
Q

subzones of rias baixas and specs

A
  1. val do salnes (oldest, most plantings, concentration of wineries, directly on the coast, coolest, wettest, highest acidity)
  2. o rosal (river mino, next to portugal also blends with loureira, treixadura, lower acidity primary flavours)
  3. condado do tea (inland, warmer, ripe peach, drink young)
  4. ribeira do ulla (new, inexpensive to mid prices)
  5. soutomaior (smallest subzone)
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46
Q

most famous producers in rias baixas

A

pazo de senorans
palacio de fefinanes

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47
Q

most commont training system in rias baixas

A
  1. parral (pergola)
    uses granite soils to support against humidity, originally planted tu support crops under the pergola, air circulation to reduce fungal
  2. vsp for mechanisation
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48
Q

general winemaking of albarino in rias baixas

A

protective in stainless steel (cool temperatures)

  1. maceration optional (enhance flavour and texture)
  2. mlf (sometimes partial to reduce malic with no butter notes)
  3. lees (not stirred to avoid oxygen entrance)
  4. ferment oak (expensive)
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49
Q

rias baixas export markets

A

usa biggest uk after 1/4 of sales

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50
Q

other galician DOs apart from rias baixas

A

ribeiro
ribeira sacra
valdeorras
monterrei

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51
Q

main climatic feature of other DOs other than rias baixas

A

further from the atlantic, warmer summers less rainfall mainly godello and mencia

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52
Q

ribeiro DO

A

western, sheltered but still maritime and high rainfall treixadura, single varietal or blend (expensive in oak)

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53
Q

ribeira sacra DO
influences, soils, varietal

A

river mino and river sil meeting mainly continental but some exposure are maritime

stony slopes (drainage, heat, hard to maintain and to work), deep valley sides (different altitude and aspect)

mencia as main variety

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54
Q

valdeorras DO
influences, soils, varietals

A

up the river sil, east continental climate with high rainfall (1000mm), altitude 300mt

range of soils (famous for slate mining)

godello (medium + acidity, wet stones, herbal, premium in oak), and little plantings of mencia

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55
Q

monterrei DO

A

borders portugal inland continental climate, low rainfall, sheltered from ocean by sierra de larouca mountains

good quality mencia, fruity godello

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56
Q

castilla y leon general climate

A

continental

high altitude plateau (north of meseta) with mountains on north and south
west have maritima influence

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57
Q

bierzo do story

A

rustic wine for local market until the arrival of alvaro palacios and his nephew ricardo perez in late 90s, now slowly moving towards quality and higher price

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58
Q

bierzo do climate

A

similar to galicia but further inland (still adequate rainfall) some maritime influences from the west (it has some cool vintages)

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59
Q

main grapes for bierzo do

A
  1. mencia (75% of plantings)
  2. alicante bouschet (used in blends where mencia is 70% majority by law, alicante is only 2% of plantings)
  3. godello and other galician whites
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60
Q

mencia ripening and styles

A

early to mid ripening

can lose acidity quickly and accumulate sugar (picking is fundamental)

  1. early drinking styles
  2. concentrated
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61
Q

2 main areas of bierzo

A
  1. flat plains (center of the DO, fertile silty loam soils, inexpensive to mid priced)
  2. hillside slopes (500-850mm, shallow poor slate soil low yield, old vines over 60yr old generally, more concentrated wines matured in oak, (descendientes de j.palacios and raul perez are here)
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62
Q

new regulaton of bierzo

A

2017 new classification based on geographic specs for villages and vineyards of great note with yield restriction similar to DOQ in priorat

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63
Q

wine business of bierzo

A

3k ha planted, 2k growers all small plots (mainly selling to co-ops) , 75 wineries mostly established in the last 15 years harvesting by machine is rare

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64
Q

climate and influences of toro do

A

west of castilla, continental climate

river duero
altitude 620-750mt (large diurnal)

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65
Q

main hazard in toro

A

spring frost (no moderating influences)

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66
Q

grapes used in toro do and specs

A

tinta del toro (for some is tempranillo adapted to the climate, for someone another variety) it has thicker skin than tempranillo

75% tinta, remaining is garnacha usually

also rose is produced whites from malvasia or verdejo

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67
Q

planting in toro

A

usually low density bush vines with low number of buncher (limited water as irrigation is not permitted unti june after the harvest)

1/5 of the vines are at least 50 years old with some going over 100yr

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68
Q

soils in toro do

A

sandy (ungrafter vines are present)

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69
Q

site selection in toro: most important things

A

higher altitude
north facing aspect

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70
Q

maximum alcohol for toro do wines

A

15%

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71
Q

toro do winemaking choices

A
  1. inexpesive: carbonic maceration
  2. concentrated style: oak (new, american and french)
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72
Q

toro best producers

A

teso la monja numanthia

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73
Q

business in toro

A

long history but only with the interest in ribeira investors started to rise, from 8 wineries in 98 to 50 today.

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74
Q

ribera del duero do history

A

vega sicilia in the late 19th century, highest quality alejandro fernande’s pesquera got internation acclaim in the 80’s from them vineries stops selling to co-op to produce wine

rapid expansion also thanks to the proximity of madrid

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75
Q

climate of ribeira dei duero

A

similar to toro and rueda, summer slightly hotter

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76
Q

altitude of ribeira

A

750-1000mt

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77
Q

main problem of ribeira and how to solve it

A

frost (spring and autumn)

heaters, spraying with water and helicopters

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78
Q

rainfall in ribeira

A

400-600mm irrigation can be used only in ertain times but not during ripening season

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79
Q

grapes in ribeira del duero

A

tinto fino (aka tinta del pais aka tempranillo)

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80
Q

site selection in ribeira

A

different altitudes and aspect, usually avoid flat sites north facing, most frost risk

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81
Q

plantings: age and trellising in ribeira del duero

A
  1. 50yr old or also 100yr old
  2. trellises quick to establish
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82
Q

how much a grower owns in ribeira del duero?

A

1ha

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83
Q

ribeira del duero wine styles

A

whites (from 19) from albillo mayor 75%

red/rose - 75% tempranillo plus cab sauv, melot, malbec, garnach, albillo (white variety) - in reality is most 100% tempranillo (french and american, 50/100% new oak, less extraction usually)

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84
Q

export of ribeira

A

20% mainly to switzerland, mexico, usa, germany and china

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85
Q

rueda do history

A

mostly white (before oxidative fortified) meques de riscal from rioja identified verdejo as a possibility for this area mostly protective winemaking in temp control stainless

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86
Q

climate and soils of rueda

A

similar to toro and ribeira, 700-800 altitude mostly limestone bed rock with sub-layer of sand and clay with stones topsoil (or sand sometimes) - all soils are free draining and low in organic matter

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87
Q

grape varieties of rueda do

A

verdejo (drought tolerant - good for the region’s drought) sauvignon blanc (also in verdejo blend)

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88
Q

general agricoltural choices in rueda do

A
  1. vsp trellising
  2. harvesting at night
  3. old bush vines (on sand is ungrafted) is 10%
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89
Q

winemaking choices in rueda do

A
  1. inexpensive - protective, cultured yeast
  2. mid priced - lees ageing
  3. expensive - ferment/mature oak

mlf always avoided

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90
Q

best rueda producers

A

ossian bodega belondrade y lurton

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91
Q

labeling laws of rueda do

A

to have verdejo or sauvignon blanc needs to be 85% of stated variety (mostly 100%) [it will be labeled as rueda-verdejo, rueda-sauvignon blanc]

many producers use still rueda do

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92
Q

red/roses in rueda

A

from tempraillo, not much famous because of competition with nearby toro and ribera

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93
Q

vineyard area in rueda

A

quadrupled from 2000 till now competition from othr regions is pushing high quality

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94
Q

sales of rueda

A

seven times stronger in the last 20-30 years grown in both domestic and export mostly netherlands, germany, usa, switzerland

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95
Q

castilla y leon vt appellation is used for who?

A
  1. for wines in the northern part of the meseta with no atlantic influences for producers outside the do boundaries
  2. for producers in the do that wants more freedom of production plantings are low and inexpensive or mid-priced wines
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96
Q

how big is rioja?

A

100km long 40km wide

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97
Q

mountains sheltering rioja

A

sierra de cantabria - north, shelters atlantic weather

sierra de la demanda - south, shelter from weather from the warmer center of the country

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98
Q

river ebro influence in rioja

A
  1. flows towards the open and hence ebro valley
  2. tributaries in valleys that have various aspects and soils
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99
Q

where is rioja located?

A

inside the community of La Rioja and Alava in the basque country

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100
Q

3 areas of rioja

A
  1. rioja alta
  2. rioja alavesa
  3. rioja oriental
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101
Q

rioja alta climate

A

continental with maritime influences

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102
Q

rioja alta sectors

A
  1. around the ebro - lower altitude, warm, alluvial soils
  2. north west - cool, wet, calcareous clay soils
  3. south - 700mt altitude, cool fet, ferrous clay
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103
Q

rioja alavesa specs

A

smallest area cool and wet 700mt altitude calcareous clay soils

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104
Q

rioja oriental original name and why he change

A

rioja baja negative connotation

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105
Q

rioja oriental specs

A

low altitude (south is high 500-1000mt) warmest driest calcareous/ferrous clay as cool as rioja alta in high temperature

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106
Q

drought problems in rioja

A

great problems in low altitudes more people are planting in high altitudes

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107
Q

blending in rioja and why is needed

A

small plots and consistency mostly because of the mix of Atlantic (cool, wett) and mediterranean (warm, dry) influences giving high vintage varietation

108
Q

production of rioja wines

A

64k ha from 90s increase of 50%

109
Q

general vine training in rioja

A

VSP (easy mechanisation) still some over 100yr old bush vines switched to VSP thanks to EU funds to restructure vineyards

110
Q

tempranllo plantings in rioja

A

88%

it’s recent as 50yr ago it was diverse with more garnacha

111
Q

why garnacha is not much planted in rioja

A
  1. tempranillo produces larger yields (especially in rioja oriental many garnachas were replanted)
  2. legalisation of irrigation (garnacha drought resistance was less fundamental)
112
Q

where garnacha is now planted

A

rioja oriental seens some replanting

113
Q

tempranillo is suited in which sub-area of rioja

A

rioja alta
rioja alavesa

114
Q

is tempranillo blended in rioja?

A

in certain cases but mostly as single varietal

115
Q

plantings % of garnacha in rioja

A

2nd most planted ony 8%

116
Q

graciano specs

A

late ripening
drought resistant
small yleds
susceptible to fungal diseases
high acidity and tannins in the blend

117
Q

garnacha in blends gives

A

red fruit lower acidity

118
Q

mazuelo specs

A

aka carinena/carignan
high acidity

2% planting

119
Q

maturana tinta specs

A

aka trousseau
permitted since 2009

purple colour, high acidity, fresh cranberry and blackberry

120
Q

viura plantings

A

76% of white plaitngs alsa called macabeo/macabeu

121
Q

viura budding ripening susceptible

A

late budding late ripening
susceptible to botrytis
needs warm dry sites

122
Q

styles of viura wines

A

neutral, broad range

  1. high yields, stainless, early consumption
  2. low yields, oak vessel
123
Q

tempranillo blanco what it is and when it was discovered

A

white mutation of tempranillo discovered in 1988 bu permitted since 2004

124
Q

tempranillo blanc plantings

A

2nd most planted white 13% of white plantings

125
Q

other white grapes of rioja

A

malvasia (oak)
garnacha blanc (oak)
verdejo (inexpensive unoaked)
sauvignon blanc (inexpensive unoaked)

126
Q

legislative problems of rioja

A

standard hierarchy is based on minimum ageing and oak size (225l barrique) but doesn’t cover practices in the vineyard and winery so technically the legislation sees only the oak as a quality trait; you could buy 2 gran reserva and have completely different quality levels

127
Q

what is vino de autor (rioja)

A

group of producer in the 90s, low yield and selected parcels, aged in french oak, generally less extraction and concentration these wines went without official labeling

128
Q

common trends in modern rioja red winemaking

A
  1. highlight grape characteristics
  2. early harvest
  3. gentle extraction
  4. older oak, larger vessels, concrete or amphorae
  5. shorter macerations
  6. french oak more common or blend with american
129
Q

new regulations and red winesin rioja: what is changing

A

village, zone can appear on labels more single vineyards are made

130
Q

inexpensive white wines winemaking in rioja

A

simple, unoaked protective (cool temp, bottle after) high yields viura (neutral) or more aromatic blends of verdejo, tempranillo blanco and sauvignon blanc

131
Q

premium white wine winemaking in rioja

A

oaked, viura low yields, or some malvasia or garnacha blanca for more flavours

before was oxidative style (not much of an appeal today), coming now thanks to lopez de heredia and castillo ygay

132
Q

rose wines in rioja

A

high quality expensive tempranillo or garnacha

133
Q

why there’s a new regulation in rioja?

A

subzone or vineyards could not be signed on label

artadi left doca at the end of 2015

basque associacion de bodegas de rioja alavesa create a classification of single vineyard

consejo regulador approved quickly a new legislation in 17 published in 18

134
Q

3 main new regulation status in rioja

A
  1. vino de zona
  2. vino de municipio
  3. vinedo singular
135
Q

vino de zona laws

A
  1. all grape sourced from single zone (eg rioja alta)
  2. 15% can come outside the zone if borders and the vineyard has been owned/sourced grapes for 10 years
  3. ageing and bottling within the zone
136
Q

vino de municipio laws

A
  1. all grape sourced from single municipio (village or group of villages)
  2. 15% can come outside the municipio if borders and the vineyard has been owned/sourced grapes for 10 years
  3. winery within the municipality
137
Q

how vino de municipio differs from burgundy

A

in burgundy you can vinify whatever area in one single winery in municipio your winery needs to be in the municipio

138
Q

vinedo singular laws

A
  1. vinification, ageing, storage, bottling within the same winery
  2. vineyard owned for more than 10 years
  3. 35 years old vines
  4. strict low yields
  5. hand harvesting
  6. sustainable practices
  7. tasting panel check
139
Q

new regulations on ageing in rioja

A

exactly the same ageing requirements

140
Q

crianza red wines ageing

A

12 mos oak, no bottle minimum

141
Q

reserva red wine ageing in rioja

A

12 mos oak, 6 bottle

142
Q

gran reserva red ageing in rioja

A

24 mos oak 24 mos bottle

143
Q

crianza white/rose ageing

A

24 mos oak 6 bottle

144
Q

reserva white/rose ageing

A

24 mos oak 6 bottle

145
Q

gran reserva white/rose ageing

A

48 mos oak 6 bottle

146
Q

vineyard and wineries size in rioja

A
  1. small vineyard plots 50% 1ha, 25% 2ha
  2. all sizes of wineries, mostly co-ops (10 producers have 40% production) many producers are also merchants that also own some vineyards
147
Q

rioja general sales

A

domestic constant export growing 37% (uk, germany, usa)

148
Q

what kind of rioja sells mostly in markets?

A

crianza is most popular in spain

reserva/gran reserva in export markets
rose and white rising in export as well

149
Q

prices of rioja

A

average price is higher than spanish wines but still lower than italy or france equivalent cheap vineyards and land prices or grapes, good value inexpensive is a big market lots of premium also

150
Q

producers groups in rioja

A
  1. bodegas familiares de rioja (40 small mid producers)
  2. rioja n roll (small first generation producers, quality sites single vineyards also)
  3. Alava group, basque country (they want to break away from La Rioja)
151
Q

navarra size

A

100km long but small plantings than rioja (11k ha)

152
Q

navarra influences

A

atlantic ocean
mediterranean sea
pyrenees (north east)

153
Q

5 sub-regions and division (in navarra)

A
  1. north areas: baja montana (hills north), valdizarbe, tierra estella (east to west) - cooler, wetter areas (atlantic influences and north mountains sheltera and pyrenees)
  2. ribera alta (middle region), ribera baja (south) - warmer, drier, hotter
154
Q

red grape varieties in navarra

A
  1. originally was only plantings of garnacha (rose wines)
  2. in the 70s because of a gov funded research program tempranillo reds (most planted now) was pushed
  3. 80s internatonal (cab sauv, merlot, chardonnay)
155
Q

tempranillo styles in navarra

A

from lighter styles to oaky complex crianza, reserva, gran reserva are commonly used both french and american oak

156
Q

white grape varieties of navarra

A
  1. chardonnay (main varietal) both oaked and unoaked styles
  2. moscatel de grano menudo (petit grains), sauvignon blanc, viura, malvasia
157
Q

is international varieties a good thing in navarra?

A

they help diversity but many critics went against it giving priority to garnacha old bush vines single varietal (style depends on climate of the sub-areas)

158
Q

roses style and winemaking in navarra

A

medium to deep coloured garnacha mostly (also tempranillo, cab sauv, merlot) usually northern area

short maceration (3-4hr light, 6-12hr for deep colour) stainless steel tem control

159
Q

holdings in navarra

A

small mostly sold to co-op

160
Q

general quality for the wines of navarra

A

good to very good inexpensive to mid priced

161
Q

regions in the community of Aragon

A

carinena
campo de borja
calatayud
somontano

162
Q

carinena, campo de boja and catalayud similar climatic specs

A

warm continental climate
rainfall 450-500mm
cold wind cierzo from the north
no pest or diseases (dry wind climate)
spring frost

163
Q

carinena, campo de boja and catalayud altitudes

A

carinena 400-800m
campo de boja 350-700m
catalayud 500-900m

164
Q

carinena, campo de boja and catalayud wine styles

A

red, old garnacha vines bush vine, ow density (rocky free draining sils, lack of precipitations)

  1. mostly inexpensive, high volume, stainless steel, moderate temp fermentation
  2. small quality old vines, light oak, larger barrels (500l or bigger) of old oak
165
Q

somontano climatic specs

A

foot of the pyrenees
warm contenintal
higher rainfall than other areas (spread over the year)
350-650m altitute
cold breezes from pyrenees

166
Q

somontano grapes

A

cabernet sauvignon chardonnay gewurztraminer

167
Q

important producers in somontano

A

vina del vero - largest producer, started from a local bank, since 2008 is owned by gonzales byass of jerez, barbadillo also owns a share of it

168
Q

main problem of sales for somontano

A

big competition for international grape varieties all over the world

169
Q

catalunya main climatic influences

A

mediterranean coast border
inland altitude

170
Q

innovations in catalunya

A

international varieties

grape growing and winemaking top innovations came from here

171
Q

vi de finco (catalunya)

A

for exceptional wines from single estate specs includes high yields restrictions and minimum lenght of time of establishment in the market

172
Q

catalunya do advantages

A

comsumers knows the appellation
gives producers freedom to source grapes from everywhere,
blend international and local

mostly inexpensive and mid priced wines

173
Q

general climate of penedes

A

warm mediterranean (both meditarreanean sea and mountains inland)

174
Q

grape varieties in penedes do

A

80% white: xarel-lo, macabeo, parellada (cava and some dry) also chardonnay, moscatel, sauvignon blanc and riesling

merlot most planted red, also cab sauv, tempranillo, pinot noir, syrah

175
Q

penedes three main climatic zones and specs

A
  1. maritime - low altitude, sea proximity, warm climate, full body reds with late ripening varietals (monastrell, and cava varieties), mostly inexpensive still whites
  2. central - flat plains (pre-coastal depression), few high altitudes steps (500mt) are cooling influences, cava and international varieties
  3. superiore - 500-600mt altitude, high diurnal range (spring frost is a problem), chard, sauvignon blanc, riesling, gewurz and pinot noir
176
Q

rainfall in penedes (what happens because of it?)

A

500mm irrigation is used when vines are lacking water but authorisation needs to be gained

177
Q

penedes soils

A

loamy with calcareous components (store enough water)

178
Q

training system in penedes

A

trellising for mechanisation
some old bush vines

179
Q

modern winemaking techniques and who brought them in catalunya (penedes)

A

miguel torres in the 60/70s

  1. temperature control (to retain fruit cleanness)
  2. oak maturation (in expensive reds and chardonnay)
180
Q

new law for penedes on zones

A

10 subzones (based on geographical and cultural parameters) 100% grapes used must come from wineyards in the subzone and needs to be organic

181
Q

domestic and export market for penedes

A

30% exported (germany, canada, switzerland, china, usa) most production is also sold locally because the area is next to barcellona

182
Q

quick history of winemaking in priorat

A
  1. viticolture was hard: lack of access, topography and extreme wather, many vinyards went abandoned and only used by local co-ops and few estates
  2. rene barbier in 89 forms a group of viticolturalists using international varieties with garnacha and carinena and french techniques, got much critical acclaim with wines sold at ultrapremium prices
  3. priorat is updated in 2009 from DO to DOQ
183
Q

rene barbier winemakers association wines

A

clos mogador
clos dofi
clos de l’obac
clos martinet
clos erasmus

184
Q

general climate of priorat

A

warm continental

north - sheltered by cold winds by the serra de montsant

south - shelter mediterranean influence by the serra de llaberia

185
Q

rainfall in priorat

A

500-600mm mostly in heavy storms in the winter and springs irrigation is only permitted in dry years or when a new vineyard is established

186
Q

priorat altitude

A

100-750mt

187
Q

planted area in piorat

A

only 2000ha in 17600ha

188
Q

where are priorat best vineyards located?

A

slopes known as costers

5% to 60% gradient
narrow terraces are a common feature, helps reduce soil erosion and rainwater enters the soils

no machine can access so all work is done by hand

189
Q

soils in priorat

A
  1. poor, stony soils with clay outcrops,
  2. llicorella - slate, thin and rocky with mica particles reflecting heat, they are also split vertical so vine roots can go deeper into the soils
  3. generally they are all low nutrients and with not much water yields are all quite low
190
Q

priorat training

A

mostly old bush vines some are vsp where terrain makes it possible to do that

191
Q

maximum permit yields in priorat

A

by law is 39hl/ha high density is rare maximum is 5-6hl/ha

192
Q

priorat variety

A

garnacha and carinena (2/3 of black variety planting), well suited to hot days and dry condition (carinena in warmest sites for harsh conditions) garnacha blanc and macabeo (only 6% of plantings are white)

193
Q

general winemaking at priorat

A

traditional - old basket press, large oak fermentation modern - stainless steel, optical sorting main problem is high alcohol

194
Q

priorat ageing

A

1-2 years french oak

195
Q

main goal in modern winemaking of priorat

A

freshness (balance with high alcohol usually around 14.5%) always low yields so also the alcohol needs to be accompanied by mature ripe fruit

196
Q

four classifications of priorat wines

A
  1. vi de villa - from one of the 12 zones in priorat + subzone name
  2. vi de paratge - single named site, lieu dit, 459 are present inside the whole area of priorat
  3. vinya classificada - within a paratge a good vineyard (equivalent to a cru)
  4. gran vinya classificada - inside a paratge exceptional vineyard (equivalent to a grand cru)
197
Q

general laws for new subzone classification of priorat

A
  1. producers must own the vineyards or minimum 7 years renting
  2. minimum % of garnacha/carinena, vine age and maximum yields
  3. critical recognition of minimum 5 years
198
Q

old vines labeling in priorat

A

is certified when a vineyard has min 75 years old or planted before 1945

199
Q

monsant location

A

ring around priorat mostly vineyards in the southern areas (flat land, or lower valley or the ebro river)

200
Q

monsant climate and 2 main areas

A

generally mediterranean influences as proximity to the coast (with little shelter from serra de llaberia)

  1. north area - mountains, high altitude (300-700mt), cooler temps
  2. south area flat or gentle slopes next to river ebro (most vineyards here)
201
Q

soils in monsant

A

clay or sand patches of licorella in the sound north/east high limestone content soils are more fertile than priorat and yields are higher

202
Q

vineyards work in monsant (trellising and where they are planted)

A

slopes terraced some bush vines but many are on vsp for mechanisation as it is pssible here

203
Q

grape varieties planted in monsant

A

94% black: garnacha carinena mostly, also tempranillo and international (syrah, merlot, cab sauv) blends but also single varietal

204
Q

ageing in monsant

A

usually french or american barrels for one or two years

205
Q

white varietals in monsant

A

garnacha blanca and macabeo

206
Q

top producers of monsant

A

espectacle celler de capcanes

207
Q

who makes wine in monsant?

A

700 grape growers, 60 wineries co-ops is most of the work, but estates are growing producers in portugal are setting up ventures here

208
Q

market of monsant

A

45% esported in germany, usa, france, switzerland and UK

209
Q

costers del segre location

A

seven not coinguos areas far from the mediterranean coasts continental climate with low rainfall (400mm)

210
Q

costers del segre story

A

raventos plantings in early 1900 (for cava codorniun)
decades of investment as place is semi-arid
salines soils were improve with irrigation channels

raimat from raventos made his first vintage in 1978 and the do was establish in the 1980 for this success

211
Q

costers del segre altitude

A

200-700mt highest sites are used for cava, whites and early ripening black varieties

212
Q

costers del segre needs irrigation?

A

yes sandy and free draining soils needs water

213
Q

varieties in costers del segre

A

cava varieties (xarelo, macabeo, parellada) chardonnay, garnacha blanc, sauvignon blanc garnacha, tempranillo, cab sauv and merlot (also for rose production) mostly all blends but some single varietals are produced

214
Q

costers del segre style

A

fresh, fruity, early drinking wines reds and chard uses oak (french or american) now less than in the past

215
Q

sustainability programs in costers del segre

A

40 wineries present now an over 70% have a sustinabilit program presented by the region

216
Q

costers del segre famous producers

A

raimat castell d’encous

217
Q

valencia and murcia generic specs

A
  1. south-east/east corner of spain
  2. mediterranean/continental (depending on coast exposure)
  3. bush vine low density (some VSP) hot summers/low rainfall
  4. mostly inexpensive, bulk, some premium rare examples
218
Q

largest do of valencia

A

valencia do

219
Q

valencia do structure

A

two non contiguous areas divided in smaller suzones

220
Q

valencia do general climate

A

warm mediterranean cooling influences (altitude or coast proximity) low rainfall (450mm)

221
Q

subzones in valencia do

A

alto turia
valentino
clariano
moscatel

222
Q

alto turria subzone (valencia do) specs

A
  1. souther foothills sistema iberico mountain in the upper valley of the river turla
  2. high altitude 700-1100mt (coolest area)
  3. white wines (moscatel de alejandria and merseguera) mostly blend for this last one which his high vigour
  4. mostly bulk but also quality (e.g. El Terrerazo from Bodega Mustiguillo is a dry farmed merseguera)
223
Q

valentino subzone (valencia do) specs

A
  1. warmer area, cooling sea breezes
  2. 200-650mt altitude
  3. local and international (garnacha tintorera (alicante bouschet), tempranillo, cabernet sauvignon, monastrell) red and roses and white (merseguera, macabeo)
224
Q

clariano subzone in valencia do specs

A

same as valentino subzone

225
Q

moscatel subzone (valencia do) specs

A

sweet wine moscatel de valencia vino de licor (unfermented grape must fortified with spirit) both with moscatel de alejandria grape

226
Q

producers in valencia do

A

mostly local co-op (bulk) small growers/producers, some working with obscure little known varieties - strong point in export market

227
Q

utiel-requena location

A

inland from valencia, west limits with la mancha

228
Q

utiel requena climate specs

A

continental 750mt altitude (cooler, spring frost risk) low rainfall (450mm)

229
Q

main grape of utiel requena

A

bobal (70% of plantings)
over 40yr old vines

230
Q

bobal specs

A

mid to late ripening (avoids spring frost) drought tolerant retains acidity ripes unevenly, lacks ripeness in some bunches grippy tannins, high level of colour (in co-op blended for colour and concentration) high yields

231
Q

2 main styles of bobal in utiel requena

A

red and rose

  1. carbonic, light body medium tannins
  2. concentrated oak matured (old vines)
232
Q

alicante do location

A

non contiguous DO, most southernly around the cit of alicante smallest of valencia’s DO (9000ha) also some vineyards in jumilla and yecia can be labeled as alicante do

233
Q

alicante climate

A

mediterranean extremely dry (250mm rainfall)

234
Q

2 man zones of production of alicante

A
  1. vinalopo (west) - from the coast to inland at 500mt altitude on sierra de salinas, mainly monastrell
  2. marina alta (north east) - 500mm rain (most rainy place), moscatel de alejandra (both dry and sweet)
235
Q

monastrell specs in alicante

A

late ripening drought tolerant, retain acidity in alicante is 75% of planting mostly low density, old bush vines

236
Q

alicante grapes and style

A

monstrell (min 80% can be blended with alicante bouschet, garnacha and bobal) full body, american oak maturation, some producer are going for lower alcohol and acidity and fresh fruit

237
Q

what is fondillon?

A

historic wine of alicante medium sweet red (40g/l maximum) late harvest monastrell min 16% no fortification is allowed 10 years oak ageing (old big oak 1200 litres) labeled as anada (single year) or NV solera system oxidised style

238
Q

jumilla do specs + climate

A

in murcia flat lands warm continental climate altitude 400-800 25k ha planted

239
Q

jumilla and water retention

A

low rainfall extreme (250-300mm) sand over limestone soil can retain ground water many vineyards dont use irrigation

240
Q

jumilla grape

A

monastrell 80% planting low rainfall and extreme heat climate

241
Q

jumilla story

A

mostly bulk inexpensive

1989 philloxera destroys the region
replanted with virus free high quality monastrell clone

vineyard management and improve winemaking techniques
still loads of old vines not affected

242
Q

other grapes apart from monastrell in jumilla

A

cencibel (tempranillo) garnacha tintorera (alicante bouschet) garnacha cabernet sauvignon merlot syrah petit verdot

243
Q

style of wines in jumilla

A

main reds full body also rose and small whites

244
Q

production in jumilla

A

2000 grape growers 40 wineries (including co0ios) majority is bulk, high volume premium (bodegas el nno, casa castillo) mostly export

245
Q

yecla main climatic specs

A

6000ha climate like jumilla but more mediterranean influences 500-900mt low rainfall 300mm

246
Q

yecla soils

A

sand/limestone retain water

247
Q

grape of yecla

A

monastrell mostly

248
Q

yecla production

A

bulk and also bottle mostly co-op and 95% exported

249
Q

location and climate of castilla-la mancha

A

large autonomous communy landlocked and mostly part of spanish meseta (plateau) extreme continental climate

250
Q

la mancha (climate, soils, specs)

A

largest DO in spain, largest PDO of europe

meseta 500-700mt altitude
continental climate (max temp at 45C in summer with -20 cold winters)
low rainfall 300-400mm
limestone and chalk soils to retain water,
drip irrigation is common (40% of vineyards use it)

251
Q

plantings in la mancha (grapes and specs)

A

low planting densities (1000 vines per ha) bush trained, no irrigation
high density (3000) and irrigation

airen most planted, white neutral, stainless, medium acdity, mostly distillation going to brandy de jerez
tempranillo (cencibel), fruity, small passage in oak (crianza, reserva, gran can be found)

252
Q

production and markets for la mancha do

A

15000 growers, 280 wineries (mostly co-op) virgen de las vinas in tomelloso is largest co-op of spain (2k members farming 20k ha) bulk and bottles, 40% exported to chinese market, also germany and russia and netherlands

253
Q

valdepenas do

A

south of la mancha continental climate red wines from cencibel (tempranillo)

254
Q

Vino de Pago in la mancha

A

18 VP most important is dominio de valpedusa (cab sauv, syrah, petit verdot)

255
Q

vino de la tierra castilla

A

vasta area going through la mancha and valdepenas and overse local and internation varieties for inexpensive to mid priced wines

256
Q

basque country location and specs

A

north coast of spain split in two by cantabrian cordillera (sheltered) place also known as euskadi, or pais vasco)

257
Q

txakoli do specs

A

basque country locaton

moderate maritime climate
high rainfall 1600mm
canopy open to ventilation to avoid fungal
hondarrabi zuri grape, released few months after, also lees and oak version

258
Q

how is labeled a wine from sierra de gredos and why?

A

vinos de madrid do
metrida do cebreros do
castylla y leon VT

does not have a DO on his own

259
Q

sierra de gredos locations and specs

A

mountain rangr west of madrid inexpensive wines but some new producers are coming high altitude 600-1200mt continental climate with cooling from altitude

260
Q

grapes in sierra de gredos

A

old vine garnacha (lighter tannins and medium + acidity, still high alcohol)

albillo real white, full body citrus floral, medium or plus acidity, some goes oak ferment and maturation or skins maceration

261
Q

two main islands in spain

A

balearic and canary

262
Q

balearic island specs

A

mallorca (2 DO and VT), menorca, ibiza, formentera

grapes are manto negro (light colour, high alcohol, red fruit) and callet (med to plus acidity med alcohol red fruits)

also monastrell, tempranillo, malvasia, cabernet sauvignon, merlot, syrah. chardonnay

263
Q

canary island specs

A

off coast to marocco, tropical influence (hot/humid) some high altitudes 1500mt rugged topography, machinery is impossible, many aspects (different whites and reds)

264
Q

most important canary island

A

tenerife (has 5 do) as each island has at least a do listan negro (carbonic medium body and tannins, some oak), malvasia, listan blanco (palomino)

265
Q

most important do in tenerife

A

valle de orotava several vines are twisted together to form ropes, traned low

266
Q

lanzarote island specs

A

flat area with dark volcanic ash vines in craters dug in ash and surrounded by stone walls to protect from winds and take moisture low density and low yields of malvasia grape (both dry and sweet)

WSET Diploma D3 (28 decks)

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