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WSET Diploma D3 > Canada > Flashcards

Canada Flashcards

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1
Q

canada history

A
  1. Hybrids from early 1900, first planting of vinifera in 1950, no hybrids use in 1980 (high latitude and extreme temp were hard to produce wine)
  2. us canada trade deal opens market to american imports, and appellation system VQA starts
  3. during prohibition wine was exempt and wineries number increased, after that the monopolies were introduced
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2
Q

ontario and inland british columbia climate

A

extreme continental (summer 30, winter -20)

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3
Q

main moderating climate factor in canada

A

vineyards are planted near lakes

  1. during the winter reduce winter freeze
  2. in spring water heats up slowly delaying budburst
  3. retains summer warmth in august, extending growing season
  4. high level of humidity, risk of fungal diseases
  5. during winter lake moisture evaporates meeting cold air from the ambient creating snow; it will cover vines and protect them from cold air reducing winter freeze
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4
Q

main climatic problem in canada

A
  1. winter freeze, can be so strong to minimise snow cover on the vine
  2. climate change is reducing snow cover
  3. drought in inland regions of british columbia (rain shadow effect of two mountain ranges) and hotter vintages in ontario
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5
Q

canopy management techniques

A
  1. open canopy to reduce fungal and increase air flow
  2. vsp (also some geneva double curtain scott henry, lyre)
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6
Q

pests

A

mothes mealy bugs leafhoppers deer/bears usually are less of a concern and because of that there’s more organic agriculture

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7
Q

growing season and harvest

A

shorter (budbreak late in may and harvest in late august) harvest can continue till november for icewine rain and autumn frost are always a risk

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8
Q

most common system or irrigation

A

drip mainly where is needed (e.g. okanagan valley)

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9
Q

burying vines

A
  1. where is bitter cold they use fabrics draper on the vines (cost effective)
  2. snow
  3. put up soil onto the graft level
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10
Q

vidal

A

french hybrid
can stand harsh winters
high acidity
not as aromatic or acidic as riesling
slow ripening
thick skin
suitable for sweet late harvest/icewine

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11
Q

other varieties apart from vidal

A

bordeaux (cab franc, merlot, less cab sauv) chardonnay pinot noir gewurz riesling also syrah viognier, malbec

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12
Q

ontario vs british columbia climate

A

ontario - cold british columbia - hotter (in certain areas)

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13
Q

common practices in modern canadian winemaking

A

chaptalisation (cooler years)
ambient yeast
neutral vessels, reduced oak unfiltered wines

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14
Q

where is most icewine grown?

A

ontario

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15
Q

icewine harvesting

A
  1. harvested at -8
  2. by hand at night (problem with skilled workers), many doing machine to save cost
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16
Q

varieties for icewine

A

mostly vidal also riesling, cab franc, gewurz, chardonnay

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17
Q

icewine fermentation

A

stainless steel (retain aromas) stops naturally at 9-11% with 200-250 g/l residual

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18
Q

maturation icewine

A

stainless steel oak (extra flavour)

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19
Q

why icewine yields are low?

A

10% of a still wine harvest

  1. dehydration of the grapes
  2. damage or lost bunches because of adverse weather, rot and animals
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20
Q

icewine volume production

A

13% of canada production premium, ultra-premium prices

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21
Q

icewine laws

A

owned trademark by canadian vintners association and incorporated into vqa system

  1. grapes must be naturally frozen
  2. all grapes must be grown in the region of canada
  3. minimum sugar levels prescribed
  4. concentration or addition of sugars are prohibited
22
Q

vqa laws

A
  1. made exclusively in the province (ontario, british columbia)
  2. 100% from vinifera or certified hybrids
  3. minimum must weight, chaptalisation limits
  4. wines are checked and tested through sensory evalation and lab tests
  5. if single varietal 85% of the state variety, 95% of the stated blend if more than 1 varietal
  6. if wine or must are imported label has “international blend from imported and domestic wines”
  7. if a canadian wine doesnt pass vqa test can belabeled as product of canada
23
Q

canada largest appellation

A

ontario

24
Q

where are vineyards planted in ontario?

A

near the Great Lakes (Ontario, Erie), outside that area vinifera cannot survive the cold

25
Q

soils in ontario

A
  1. next to the lakes, limestone from seabed from glacial activity
  2. general clay, sand, gravel and rocks
26
Q

main grapes of ontario

A

vidal - biggest icewine production riesling - from dry to sweet chardonnay - can show tropical fruits even if its cold cab franc - most planted black, oaked or icewine merlot pinot noir gamay noir

27
Q

primary ontario appellations

A

niagara peninsula
lake erie
price edward county

28
Q

largest wine producer in ontario

A

niagara peninsula

29
Q

niagara peninsula location

A

large area from shore of lake ontario till niagara escarpment

30
Q

niagara peninsula vineyards location

A

slopes niagara escarpment (limestone buff)

31
Q

influences of niagara peninsula

A

lake ontario - deepest lake, takes longer to warm up in spring, longer to cool down in autumn escarpement - aid air circulation as cold air runs down it, meeting warm air from lakes, also protects from cold west winds reduce fungal diseases and frost more continental inland

32
Q

appellation and rules of niagara peninsula

A

appellations - niagara escarpment and niagara on the lake (85% from stated subzone) sub-appellation (100% from area)

33
Q

niagara escarpment (climate and grapes)

A

northern slopes of the escarpment (altitude + cooling from lakes = coller area) chardonnay, pinot noir, also cab franc and riesling

34
Q

niagara on the lake (climate and grapes)

A

large flatter area along lake ontario’s shores, west to niagara river warmer with lake influence chardonnay, riesling, pinot noir, cab franc more suited to bordeaux red blends

35
Q

lake erie north shore (climate and grapes)

A

gentle slopes ear lake erie and small islands (pelee) southwest of the country so is warmest area completely surrounded by water (moderating influence)

lake erie is a shallow lake (warms up quick but also cools down quickly so winter freeze is a problem)
merlot, cab franc, cab sauv

36
Q

prince edward county (climate - grapes)

A

northernly appellation, surrounded by water, winter winds winter freeze common (cover or bury vines) broad limestone plateau with rocky topsoil (heat storing + radiates back) chardonnay pinot noir

37
Q

2 main areas of british columbia

A
  1. close to pacific coast, maritime
  2. inland, sheltered by mountains (oakanagan)
38
Q

british columbia climate

A

northern than ontario, shorter season but longer days high diurnal range, always ripe flavours with high acidity

39
Q

varieties in british columbia

A

vidal (icewine) only hybrid remained merlot - most planted red, always full body style pinot noir - high tannins, fruitier cabernet sauvignon pinot gris - most planted white, both full body or italian style chardonnay

40
Q

british columbia most famous producers

A

mission hill le vieux pin

41
Q

VQA british columbia general laws

A

if appellation is on label 95% from state appellation

42
Q

okanagan valley climate and influences

A

85% of plantings in british columbia, 250 km long so different climates

extreme continental (not cold to bury vines tho) chain of lakes (deep lakes so effect is smaller) provide water for irrigation
300/400mm rainfall dry region - less pests and diseases - spring frost common (mid-slope plantings)
altitude 300-600mt

43
Q

okanagan soils

A

glacial deposits, loams with sand in the south irrigation is essential

44
Q

okanagan valley varieties

A

pinot noir, pinot gris, chardonnay, gewurz souther areas merlot, cab franc, cab sauvignon, syrah

45
Q

similkameen valley climate and varieties

A

rugged rocky valley similkamen valley influence high mountains funnes hot winds no lake influences altitude 400-500 (only moderating influence) merlot, pinot noir, cab sauv, chardonnay

46
Q

coastal regions of british columbia climate and varieties

A

vancouver island, gulf island, frase valley

cool maritime
pacific ocean moderating effect (no winter freeze) summer cool and wet (fungal) and damp

pinot noir

47
Q

canada domestic consumption

A

apart from icewine mostly domestic low production, beer sales are not higher demands exceed supply

48
Q

main export markets of canada

A

china usa south korea hong kong japan

49
Q

who makes wine in canada

A

mostly estates - they own grapes, they can buy some from growers most growers are now producers all small productions

50
Q

who controls alcohol sales and distribution

A

provincial liquid boards LCBO (liquid control board of ontario) SAQ (societe des alcools du quebec)

51
Q

liquid boards effect on canadian wine market

A
  1. wine is consumed only within privince (shipping is illegal or higly complex)
  2. only some provinces can sell direct to consumer
  3. because of those 2 things wine tourism is high

WSET Diploma D3 (28 decks)

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