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South Africa Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

In what year was the Wine of Origin system put into place?

A

1973

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2
Q

How does the Wine of Origin break down areas for production?

A

Geographical Unit,
Region,
District,
Ward

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3
Q

What is the famed dessert wine of South Africa?

A

Vin de Constance

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4
Q

What are the Geographical Units of South Africa?

A 
Northern Cape,
Eastern Cape,
Western Cape,
KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo,
Free State
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5
Q

What are the Regions of the Western Cape?

A 
Breede River Valley,
Cape South Coast,
Coastal Region,
Klein Karoo,
Olifants River Region
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6
Q

What are the Districts of the Breede River Valley?

A

Breedekloof.
Robertson,
Worcester

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7
Q

What is the minimum percentage of a varietal if listed on a label?

A

85%

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8
Q

What is the rule for listing blends?

A

May list several grapes if vinification occurred separately, in descending order of presence

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9
Q

If area of production is listed on label

A

100% of grapes must come from that area of production

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10
Q

What is the rule for single vineyard on a label in South Africa?

A

Wines sourced solely from the vineyard, provided it is appropriately registered and less than 6ha in size

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11
Q

What is the rule for Estate Wine listed on a label in South Africa

A

Must be from contiguous parcels of vineyard land and vinified and bottled on a single property

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12
Q

Integrated Production of Wine Scheme (IPW)

A

Voluntary means of certification for WO producers wishing to comply with sustainable environmental standards

IPW sets guidelines for:
Agricultural
Manufacturing
Packaging practices

Wineries judged on number of points: Worker Safety Measures, Handling of Wastewater, Carbon Emissions, Use of Pesticides/Chemicals,
Vineyard biodiversity

Wines that meet Min 60% or better qualify for a joint seal, indicating “sustainable wine of origin” rather than basic WO seal

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13
Q

Ko-operative Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika (KWV)

A

Prompted by large-scale overproduction

Throughout the 20th century, KWV restricted the production of wines in such a way that innovation was near impossible and quantity was prioritized over quality

Yields were restricted and minimum prices set at a level which encouraged production of brandy and fortified wine

KWV’s control of the South African wine sector lasted until the 1990s, even today, the country’s industry has an unusually high number of co-operatives

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14
Q

What are ther Regions of Northern Cape?

A

None

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15
Q

What are the regions of the Eastern Cape?

A

None

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16
Q

What are the geographical boundaries of the Breede River Valley Region?

A

Langeberg Mountains to the North
Boland Mountains to the West
Riviersonderend Mountains to the South

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17
Q

What are the Districts of the Breede River Valley?

A

From West to East

Breedekloof,
Worcester,
Robertson

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18
Q

What is the significance of the geographical features of Breede River Valley?

A

Langberg Mountains separates it from the Klein Karoo semi-desert in the north

Boland Mountains from Paarl and Stellenbosch in the west

Riviersonderend Mountains protect valley from oceanic influences of the south

Bulk production for distillation comes from the valley floor
Premium wines come from the vineyards in the foothills of the mountains that surround the valley

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19
Q

What are the wards of the Breedekloof District?

A

Goudini,

Slanghoek Ward

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20
Q

What are some major producers of the Breedekloof District?

A

Meander
Olifantsberg
Deetlefs

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21
Q

What is the soil type of Breedekloof?

A

shale and sandstone

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22
Q

What is significant about the Worcester District?

A

Vineyards of Worcester produce roughly 25% of all of South Africa’s wine, and the region has many co-operative estates

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23
Q

What are the geographical features that form Worcester’s northern border?

A

The Hex River and the Langeberg mountains

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24
Q

What is significant about the KWV House of Brandy and where is it located?

A

Largest distillery of brandy in the Southern Hemisphere,

Worcester District of the Breede River Valley Region

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25
Q

What are the wards of Worcester District?

A

Hex River Valley,
Nuy,
Scherpenheuvel,
Stettyn

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26
Q

What is the soil type and some major producers of the Worcester District?

A

Shale and sandstone,

KWV Brandy Cellars
Stettyn Cellar,
Alvi’s Drift,
Eagles Cliff

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27
Q

What is significant about the Robertson District?

A

One of South Africa’s better known wine producing regions

“Valley of wine and Roses”

Associated with rich, fruit-driven red and white wines made most often from the Chardonnay and Shiraz grape varieties, as well as sparkling wines from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

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28
Q

What is Robertson divided from Klein Karoo by?

A

Langeberg Mountains in the north

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29
Q

What is the climate and soil type of Robertson?

A

Dry/Hot (ideal for premium grapes)
High levels of lime in the soil give a chalky minerality to the wines

Red, gravelly soils with pockets of limestone.

Shale and alluvial soils

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30
Q

Robertson Major Natural Features

A

Breede River,
Riviersonderend Mountains,
Langberg Mountains

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31
Q

What are the wards of Robertson?

A 
Agterklipoogte,
Bonnievale,
Boesmansrivier,
Eilandia,
Hoopsrivier,
Klaasvoogds,
Le Chasseur,
McGreor,
Vinkrivier
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32
Q

Major Producers of Robertson

A 
Graham Beck Wines**
Springfield Estate**
De Wetshof
Robertson Winery
Arabella
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33
Q

What are the Districts of the Cape South Coast Region?

A 
Elgin,
Overberg,
Walker Bay,
Cape Agulhas,
Swellendam,
Plettenberg Bay,
Lower Duivenhoks River
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34
Q

Elgin District

Location and Natural features

A

Cape South Coast Region

Located along a basin nestled among the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, which separate it from the Stellenbosch Region
Atlantic Ocean

Elevation: 820-1300 ft

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35
Q

What are the major grapes of Elgin District?

A

White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Semillon

Red: Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

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36
Q

Where was Elgin formerly. a ward of?

A

Overberg (2012)

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37
Q

Soil type of Elgin

A

Gravel, Clay, Shale and Sandstone

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38
Q

Major Producers of Elgin Distrit

A 
Paul Cluver**
Iona Vineyards**
Oak Valley**
Richard Kershaw
Neil Ellis
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39
Q

Overberg District General

A

Overberg takes its name from its location in relation to Cape Town: over the Hottentot-Holland Mountains (over the berg)

The region sits between the Breede River to the east, the Riviersonderend Mountains to the north, and the Walker Bay region to the south

Overberg encompasses the Kogelberg Biosphere, one of the most biodiverse areas in the world

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40
Q

Major grapes of Overberg

A

White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Semillon

Red: Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

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41
Q

What is Riesling called in Overberg?

A

Weisser Riesling

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42
Q

Major Natural Features of Overberg

A

Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Atlantic Ocean

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43
Q

What are the Wards within Overberg?

A

Elandskloof,
Greyton (Lismore Estate**)
Klein River (sandy soils, exciting new area)
Theewater

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44
Q

Major Producers of Overberg

A 
Raka Wines (Klein River)**
Lismore**
Bouchard Finlayson
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45
Q

Walker Bay District General

A

Typified by its maritime climate which is one of the coolest regions in South Africa

Held in high regard for Burgundian-style Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, made alongside fresh, flinty Sauvignon Blanc

Most notable vineyards are found in the Hemel-en-Aarde valley which runs east-west

Antarctic Benguela current ensures that cold breezes refresh the grapes during the ripening season

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46
Q

What are the soils in Walker Bay known as?

A

Local soils are Bokkeveld Shale and Table Mountain sandstone, are marked by a high clay content, particularly in Hemel-en-Aarde Valley

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47
Q

Major Varietals of Walker Bay

A

White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc

Red: Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Pinotage, Merlot

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48
Q

Major Natural Features of Walker Bay

A

Atlantic Ocean, Walker Bay, Bot River

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49
Q

What are the wards of Walker Bay?

A 
Hemel-en-Aarde Valley,
Hemel-en-Aarde Ridge,
Upper Hemel-en-Aarde,
Bot River,
Sunday's Glen,
Standford Foothills
50
Q

What is significant about the Hemel-en-Aarde Valley Ward?

A

Situated closest to the sea!

Bookeveld Shale and Table Mountain Sandstone are marked by a high clay content

The Onrust River runs through the valley

51
Q

What is significant about the Hemel-en-Aarde Ridge Ward?

A

Furthest inland of the three Hemel-en-Aarde wards

The wider region is bordered on the north side by the Babylonstoren Mountains, and the south by the Kleinrivier Mountains

The Onrust River runs through the valley

The Antarctic Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean brings cooling breezes predominantly from the southeast

52
Q

What is significant about the Upper Hemel-en-Aarde Ward?

A

Situated in the middle between the other two Hemel-en-Aarde wards

53
Q

What is significant about the Bot River Ward?

A

Area stretches from the Houw Hoek Pass in the north to the Bot River Lagoon in the south

Classically cool-climate region with breezes from the Walker Bay and the Bot River Lagoon

Surrounding Babylonstoren and Groenlandberg Mountains help to catch cloud cover and moisture in the valley

54
Q

Major Producers of Bot River Ward

A

Luddite,
Wildekrans,
Beaumont Hope Marguerite,
Gabrielskloof

55
Q

Major Producers of Walker Bay District

A 
Hamilton Russel**
Bouchard Finlayson**
Ataraxia
Luddite
Crystallum,
Newton Johnson
56
Q

Cape Agulhas District General

A

Wine producing region on the southern tip of South Africa

The cape is the official meeting point of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans

57
Q

What is the climate of the Cape Agulhas District?

A

Maritime

58
Q

What is Cape Agulhas known for?

A

Racy Sauvignon Blanc and elegant, cool-climate Shiraz

59
Q

What is the soil type of Cape Agulhas?

A

Laterite - known locally as koffeklip (coffee-stone)

Rich in iron and aluminum and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. High iron oxide content causes a rusty-red coloration

60
Q

How does wind factor into the climate influence of Cape Agulhas?

A

Has both a positive and negative effect

Constant buffeting causes vines to produce smaller berries with thicker skins which translate to more flavor concentration creating more complex wines

Strong breezes can cause trouble for younger vines

Salty air can be an issue and if the level of salinity in the soil becomes to high, irrigation is needed to wash it away

61
Q

What are the overarching soil types of Cape Agulhas?

A

Table Mountain Sandstone and Shale are mainstays of the region. Laterite, known locally as koffeklip (coffee-stone)

62
Q

What are the Wards of Cape Agulhas?

A

Elim

63
Q

Elim Ward

A

Small, cool-climate ward at the southern tip of the Western Cape in Cape Agulhas District

Flinty Sauvignon Blanc and Shiraz (labeled Syrah by some producers)

Vineyards lie roughly 9 miles from the ocean

Humidity is high in Elim, which increases chances of fungal diseases in the vines

64
Q

Major Producers of Cape Agulhas

A 
Lomond**
Standveld**
Ghost Corner**
Flagstone Free Run
Hidden Valley Lands End
65
Q

Swellendam District General

A

Major Natural Features: Langeberg Mountains, Breede (Bree) River

Climate: Mediterranean

66
Q

Wards of Swellendam District

A

Buffeljags,
Stormsvlei,
Malgas** (Sjinn)

67
Q

Major Producers of Swellendam

A

De Trafford Sjinn

Diverse winery which was planted to the Douro Grape varieties Touriga Nacional and Tricadeira, plus Mourvedre and Viognier from the Rhone?

68
Q

Coastal Region - Synopsis

A

Located around the original colony of Cape Town on the western coast of the cape

Forms the heart of the South African wine industry

Accounts for nearly 50% of all of the area under vine in South Africa

Constantia Vineyard

69
Q

Constantia Vineyard

A

Historic vineyard

Muscat de Frontignan

Eastern decomposed granite slopes of Constantiaberg

Sea Breezes from the False Bay

70
Q

Producers of Constantia Vineyard

A

Five today

Groot Constantia
Klein Constantia
Buitenverwachting ("Beyond Expectations")
Constantia Uitsig
Steenberg
71
Q

What are the Districts of the Coastal Region?

A 
Stellenbosch,
Cape Town,
Paarl,
Tulbagh,
Darling,
Franshoeck Valley,
Wellington,
Swartland
72
Q

What are the repealed designations of the Coastal Region

A

Cape Peninsula Region,
Tygerberg (no longer a district)
Cape Point District

73
Q

Stellenbosch District General

A

Cabernet Sauvignon is the region’s most widely planted grape and is often combined with Merlot

Simmonsberg Mountain in the north separates it from Paarl, while the Hottentot-Hollands Mountains on the east separate it from Walker Bay

Stellenbosch was established on the banks of the Eerste River in 1679

Notable for being the birthplace of Pinotage (Pinot Noir x Cinsault) in 1924

74
Q

Wards of Stellenbosch

A 
Devon Valley,
Jonkershoek Valley,
Papegaaiberg,
Simonsberg-Stellenbosch,
Bottelary,
Banhoek,
Polkadraai Hills
75
Q

Unofficial areas of Stellenbosch

A

Helderberg,

Stellenboschkloof

76
Q

Varietals of Stellenbosch

A

White: Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Semillon

Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinotage, Caberent Franc

Sparkling, Fortified and Dessert Wines

77
Q

Soil and Major Natural Features of Stellenbosch

A

Granite and sandstone

False Bay, Simonsberg Mountains, Stellenbosch Mountains, Helderberg Mountains

78
Q

Major Producers of Stellenbosch

A 
Warwick Estate**
Meerlust**
Kanonkop,
De Toren,
Delaire Graffe Estate,
Rust en Vrede,
Ernie Els Wines
Annandale
79
Q

Who bottles Trilogy?

A

Warwick Estate, Stellenbosch

Bordeaux Blend, CS, CF, Merlot

80
Q

Who bottles Rubicon?

A

Meerlust, Stellenbosch

Bordeaux Blend - CS, Merlot, CF, Petit verdot

81
Q

What is Kanonkop notable for?

A

Bottling Black Label Pinotage

Paul Sauer

82
Q

Who bottles The Black Lion, Fusion V, and Expression Unique Book XVI?

A

De Toren

83
Q

Constantia Estate

A

Established in 1685 by the second Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, Simon van der Stel

Klein Constantia,
Groot Constantia,
Bergvliet

84
Q

What are the Wards of Cape Town District?

A

Constantia**
Hout Bay
Durbanville (Formerly in Tygerberg)
Philadelphia (Formerly in Tygerberg)

85
Q

Constantia

A

Today known for cool-climate Sauvignon Blanc and Bordeaux Blends, along with dessert wines from Muscat Blanc

The region was decimated by phylloxera and powdery mildew in the 1860’s and was largely forgotten until the 1980’s

Vineyard stretches from low ground, all the way up to 1,300ft on south-eastern side of the Constantiaberg mountain

Soils: ancient deposits of decomposed granite, with a high clay content

86
Q

What is Vin de Constance

A

Natural sweet wine from 100% Muscat de Frontignan aka Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains

87
Q

Constantia is a Ward of what district?

A

Cape Town

88
Q

Major Varietals and Styles of Cape Town District

A

White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Semillon, Chenin Blanc

Red: Cabernet Sauvginon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinotage

Vin de Constance (Constantia): Muscat de Frontignan

Sparkling wines

89
Q

Where would you find flinty, herbaceous expressions of Sauvignon Blanc in Cape Town?

A

Durbanville

90
Q

Major Producers of Cape Town

A

Altydgedacht

Durbanville Hills

91
Q

Paarl Synopsis

A

One of South Africa’s most famous wine-producing regions

Franschhoek Valley can be found south-west of Paarl, and Stellenbosch lies just beyond the Simmonsberg Mountain, a large granite outcrop that forms a part of the Cape Fold Belt

Historic KWV headquarters were here

Annual Nederberg Wine Auction is held here!!!

Paarl’s vineyards are on the lower slopes of Paarl Rock

Cap Classique Producers Association (1992) is located here

92
Q

Who is the largest producer in Paarl

A

Nedergburg

93
Q

What are the varietals and wine styles of Paarl District?

A

White: Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay

Red: Cabernet Sauvginon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinotage

Sparkling, Fortified, Botrytis-affected Dessert Wines

94
Q

Wards of Paarl District

A

Agter-Paarl,
Simonsberg-Paarl,
Voor-Paardeberg

95
Q

Major Natural Features of Paarl

A

Berg River,

Hawequa Mountains

96
Q

Major Producers of Paarl

A

Nederburg (first house to produce botrytised dessesrt wine in SA)
Vilafonte,
Glen Carlou,
Bellingha

97
Q

Tulbagh Synopsis

A

Method Cap Classique!
Shiraz is king in Tulbagh

Horseshoe-shaped valley, located north of Paarl, with Swartland bordering it to the west and north

Surrounded by the Winterhoek Mountains to the North, the Witsenberg Mountains to the east, and separated from the Atlantic by the Obiqua Mountains to the west

98
Q

Tulbagh soil

A

sandstone and shale

99
Q

Tulbagh Major Natural Features

A

Witzenberg Mountains, Groot Winterhoek Mountains, Obiekwaberg Mountains

100
Q

Major Producers of Tulbagh

A

Tulbagh Mountain Vineyards**
Saronsberg**
Fable Mountain Vineyards

101
Q

What is the significance of Twee Jonge Gezellen Estate?

A

Three century-old estate produces traditional method sparkling wines under the Krone Label in Tulbagh

102
Q

What are the Wards of Tulbagh?

A

None

103
Q

Darling District Synopsis

A

BUSH VINE SAUVIGNON BLANC

It lies only 7 miles to the east of the Atlantic and its moderately dry climate make the region unique for cool-climate Sauvignon Blanc and Shiraz

Separated from Swartland in the WO scheme in 2003 after consensus that the wines produced here were distinct enough to merit acknowledgment

Influenced heavily by the Atlantic Ocean and Benguela current specifically

104
Q

Wards of Darling District

A

Groenkloof Ward

Located at the southern end of the Darling district in the foothills of the Dassenberg mountain

Known for high-quality Sauvignon Blanc

Soils: Decomposed granite

Climate: Maritime

105
Q

Producers of Groenkloof Ward

A

Neil Ellis

Darling Cellars

106
Q

Major Producers Darling District

A 
Ormonde**
Tukulu**
Cloof Wine Estate
Darling Cellars
Neil Ellis
107
Q

Franshoek Valley District

A

No Wards

‘French Corner’ in Dutch

Small valley that is home to some of South Africa’s most famous wine estates

Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon are KEY grapes behind full-bodied red style of Franschhoek Valley

Cap Classique wines are also common from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

Wemmershoek Mountains to the North separate it from the Breede River Valley, the Groot Drakenstein and Franschhoek Mountains protect it from southern oceanic influences

Warm climate suited to production of heavy, robust red wines

108
Q

Major Producers Franshoek Valley

A

Graham Beck Wines**
Boschendal Wines**
Boekenhoutskloof

109
Q

Wellington District

A

Rolling hills and valleys provide a wide range of suitable sites for growers, fine examples of Pinotage and Chenin Blanc

Located north of Paarl at the divergence of the Berg and Komme Rivers

Vineyards stretch along the foothills of the Limietberg Mountains and Groenberg Mountains in the east

Important producer of young vines, the vast majority of South Africa’s rootstocks come from plantings found on the alluvial river plains

110
Q

Where is James Sedgwick single grain distillery located?

A

Wellington District, Coastal Region

111
Q

Wards of Wellington District

A 
Blouvlei,
Bovlei,
Groenberg,
Limietberg,
Mid-Berg River
112
Q

Major Producers Wellington District

A

Diemersfontein**
Bain’s Cape Mountain Single Grain Whisky
Napier Winery,
Bosman Family Vineyards

113
Q

Swartland District Synopsis

A

Swartland is Dutch for ‘Black Land’, named for the native renosterbos (rhinoceros bush) that turns black after rain

Chenin Blanc and Shiraz are most important grapes

Swartland Independent Producers Quality Controls (SIP)

Malmesbury Shale is the dominant soil type

Mullineaux

114
Q

Swartland Independent Producers Quality Controls (SIP)

A

Wines that carry the below logo must be grown, vinified, matured, and bottled entirely within the Swartland WO

Swartland Independent Producers must bottle at least 80% of their production under their own labels

SIP wines are fermented entirely with ambient yeasts. Yeast nutrient are prohibited

SIP wines are not acidulated, not do they contain added tannin

SIP wines may not be chemically fined, not may they undergo any concentration process (reverse osmosis, etc.)

Wines may be aged in only European Oak, with a maximum 25% new oak authorized

Wines must be bottled in a Burgundy-shaped bottle

115
Q

Swartland Independent Producers Quality Controls (SIP) Members

A 
A.A. Badenhorst Family Wines
Clayton Wines
Fram Wines
Dragonridge Wines
The Sadie Family Wines
116
Q

Major Grapes and Wine Styles of Swartland

A

White: Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Semillon

Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinotage

Sparkling, Dessert, and Fortified Styles

117
Q

Swartland Wards

A 
Malmbesbury,
Paardeberg,
Paardberg South,
Riebeekberg,
Riebeeksrivier,
St. Helena Bay
118
Q

Major Producers Swartland

A

Sadie Family Wines

A.A. Bradenhorst Family Wines

119
Q

What is the BOBERG River Region?

A

Fortified wines from:

Tulbagh,
Wellington,
Franshoeck Valley,
Paarl

120
Q

Klein Karoo Districts

A

Calitzdorp,

Langeberg-Garcia

My Master Sommelier Prep (14 decks)

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