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SEM III - Radiation Biology > Sources & Types > Flashcards

Sources & Types Flashcards

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0
Q

Cosmic radiation

A

Extraterrestrial in origin, higher intensity at a higher altitude

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1
Q

Natural/Background Radiation

A

Cosmic, terrestrial, and internal radiation.

Very little can be done about this.

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2
Q

Terrestrial radiation

A

Natural products of planet earth, for example radon gas

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3
Q

Radon gas

A

The largest source of natural radiation exposure

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4
Q

Internal radiation

A

Natural products found within the human body

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5
Q

Radioactivity

A

the property possessed by some elements (as uranium) or isotopes (as carbon 14) of spontaneously emitting energetic particles (as electrons or alpha particles) by the disintegration of their atomic nuclei

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6
Q

Man made/artificial radiation

A

CT, nuclear medicine, interventional fluoroscopy, medical X-ray, consumer products, occupational, industrial, primary medical

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7
Q

Medical radiation

A

Primary source of man made radiation

CT, nuclear medicine, interventional fluoroscopy, conventional X-ray

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8
Q

Consumer products

A

Cathode ray tubes, smoke detectors

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9
Q

Industrial

A

Radiation used in industrial applications

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10
Q

Nuclear fallout

A

Radioactive debris from nuclear detonations

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11
Q

Leakage radiation

A

Leaves the tube housing at a point other than the window

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12
Q

Primary radiation

A

Created in the X-ray tube, proceeds towards the patient

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13
Q

Secondary radiation

A

Created at a point other than the X-ray tube

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14
Q

Scatter radiation

A

Primary X-ray redirected due to interaction with matter

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15
Q

Effects of scatter

A

Bad for the image, carries no anatomical information, adds useless density into the image receptor/image, veil of gray.

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16
Q

Scatter production varies by

A

X-ray beam field size.
As the area increases, scatter increases.
Thickness of tissue increases, scatter increases.
Lower density tissue scatters more bad absorbs less.
As KVP increases, scatter production increases.

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17
Q

Collimator

A

A primary tool used to minimize the production of scatter

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18
Q

Grid

A

A primary tool used to minimize the impact of scatter

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19
Q

Remnant radiation

A

Primary X-ray that passes through the patient

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20
Q

Photon/Quanta/Ray

A

The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy, a small bundle of energy.

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21
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

Energy in transit through space, bundles of pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light, waveform movement

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22
Q

Common properties to all forms of EMR

A

Bundles of pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light (c), waveform movement

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23
Q

Frequency

A

The number of wavelengths that pass a given point per second
Measured in hertz (Hz)

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24
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from one crest to the next, or valley to valley

Measured in meters

Represented by the Greek letter lambda

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25
Q

Amplitude

A

One half the range from crest to valley

26
Q

Speed of light

A

Constant, velocity

186,400 miles per second or

3x10 to the 8th meters per second

27
Q

Wave equation

A

Speed of light = frequency x wavelength

28
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Energy with the ability to disrupt atomic structure thereby ionizing meter.
2 types: 1)energy based, 2)matter based

29
Q

Properties of energy based ionizing radiation:

A

Waves

Pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light, waveform movement

30
Q

Properties of matter based ionizing radiation

A

Particles.

Have matter, have mass, can have charge, slower than the speed of light, straight line movement

31
Q

Wave particle duality

A

The ability to ionize matter by disrupting normal atomic structure.

Both energy based and matter based possess this ability.

32
Q

Linear Energy Transfer - LET

A

Energy deposited in tissue per unit of difference

33
Q

Quality factor / Wr

A

Adjustment multiplier used in the calculation of dose equivalence to specify the ability of a dose of any kind of ionizing radiation to cause biological damage

34
Q

The quality factor of X-ray is

A

1 (one)

35
Q

The quality factor of gamma is

A

1 (one)

36
Q

Quality factor of alpha is

A

20 (twenty)

37
Q

Compton interaction

A

Primary X-ray enters atom and collides with outer shell electron (low electron bind). X-ray easily overcomes the binding energy and electron ejected, the atom is ionized in the process. Incoming X-ray loses energy in collision, the energy is spent ejecting the outer shell electron. Incoming X-ray is redirected or scattered due to the collision.

38
Q

Classical/Coherent/Thompson/Rayleigh Interraction

A

Low energy photon approaches atom, energy absorbed by entire atom. Atom cannot hold excess energy, releases new (secondary) photon. Energy is exactly same as primary X-ray and proceeds isotropically.

39
Q

Photoelectric interaction

A

High energy X-rays collide with inner shell electron, primary X-ray dies in collision, it’s energy is transferred. Hole left in K shell causing characteristic cascade. The strength of the X-ray created us exactly equal to the difference in orbital ring change. X-ray too weak to exit patients body and absorbed.

40
Q

Nuclear accidents

A

Radioactive debris from power plant accidents

41
Q

Amplitude

A

One half the range from crest to valley

42
Q

Velocity

A

For all electromagnetic radiation it is constant at the speed of light.

43
Q

EMR interacts with

A

Objects whose size approximates its own wavelength

44
Q

As frequency increases

A

Wavelength decreases

45
Q

Ionizing radiation includes

A

X-radiation and gamma radiation - possess enough energy to ionize matter.

46
Q

The only difference between x-radiation and gamma radiation

A

X-rays are emitted from the electron shells of an atom
&
Gamma radiation is emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.

47
Q

If given an X-ray and gamma ray with equal energies

A

You would not be able to tell them apart

48
Q

As frequency increases

A

Wavelength decreases

49
Q

As frequency decreases

A

Wavelength increases

50
Q

As wavelength decreases

A

Energy increases

51
Q

As frequency increases

A

Energy increases

52
Q

High energy EMR like X-ray possesses

A

Short wavelength and high frequency

53
Q

RBE - relative biologic effectiveness

A

Biologic reaction compared to a standard

54
Q

OER - Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

A

Oxygen deprived versus oxygen rich environment

55
Q

When X-ray enters a patient:

A

X-ray energy passes through without Interraction
Xray energy is absorbed in patient due to interraction
X-ray energy is redirected due to interaction (scatter)

56
Q

Scatter

A

Redirected primary beam radiation caused primarily by Compton interactions within tissue.

57
Q

As wavelength decreases

A

Energy increases

58
Q

As frequency increases

A

Energy increases

59
Q

High energy EMR like X-ray possesses

A

Short wavelength and high frequency

60
Q

The X-ray beam is polyenergetic

A

Waveform, and energy values, will vary within the polyenergetic beam up to the peak energy - KVP.

61
Q

Low energy X-rays

A

1-30 KVP range

Relatively long wavelength (entire atoms)

62
Q

Moderate energy X-rays

A

30-50 KV range

Moderate wavelength (outer shell e- orbits)

63
Q

High energy X-rays

A

50+ KV range

Relatively shoer wavelength (inner shell e- orbits)

SEM III - Radiation Biology (8 decks)

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