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SEM III - Radiation Biology > Cellular Effects - Dose/Response > Flashcards

Cellular Effects - Dose/Response Flashcards

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0
Q

Dose received (radiation) is graphically located on the__________ axis

A

Horizontal

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1
Q

Radiation dose-response relationship

A

Demonstrated graphically through curve that demonstrates the dose received and the corresponding effects.

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2
Q

Biological effects (response) is graphically located on the _________ axis

A

Vertical

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3
Q

Four items to consider on a radiation dose-response graph:

A

Linear
Nonlinear
Threshold
Nonthreshold

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4
Q

Linear graph will represent

A

A straight line; dose and response are proportional

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5
Q

Nonlinear graph represents

A

A curved line; dose and response are not proportional

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6
Q

Threshold

A

A given amount of radiation (dose) must be received before biological effects occur.

A certain dose is required before a response occurs.

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7
Q

Nonthreshold

A

A radiation dose that will immediately result in biological effects occurring.

ANY exposure will cause a response.

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8
Q

Cancer dose curves

A

Both dose/curve used for most types of cancer is based upon the linear/nonthreshold curve, which implies that biological response is directly proportional to the dose and also no amount of radiation is safe.

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9
Q

Radiation protection - erring on the side of safety

A

Based upon the linear, nonthreshold curve which overestimates the risk but definitely does not underestimate.

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10
Q

Nonlinear threshold curve

A

Requires a certain dose before a specific biological action occurs.

AKA “S” shaped curve or sigmoid curve.

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11
Q

A nonlinear threshold curve demonstrates

A

A high dose cellular response and nonstochastic effects to high radiation dose such as erythema and hematologist depression.

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12
Q

Somatic effects

A

Biological damage sustained by a living organism as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.

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13
Q

Early somatic versus late somatic effects

A

Depends on the length of time from irritation to the appearance of symptoms as a result of irradiation.

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14
Q

Stochastic effects

A

Mutational, nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologicL changes, severity not related to dose.

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15
Q

Examples of stochastic effects

A

Leukemia and other cancers and genetic alterations

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16
Q

Stochastic

A

“Doubt”

Maybe the radiation exposure caused the effect, but cannot be 100% sure

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17
Q

Early responses occur

A

In a matter of a few days.

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18
Q

Late effects

A

Occur months or years down the road.

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19
Q

Nonstochastic

A

Biological somatic effects that can be directly related to dose received.

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20
Q

“No Doubt”

A

Nonstochastic

100% sure radiation exposures caused biological effect

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21
Q

Early nonstochastic effects

A

Erythema, epilation, leukocytopenia, desquamation

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22
Q

Erythema

A

Reddening of the skin; burns to the skin

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23
Q

Epilation

A

Loss of hair

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24
Q

Leukocytopenia

A

A decrease in white blood cell count

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25
Q

Desquamation

A

Shedding of skin, peeling of skin

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26
Q

Late nonstochastic effects

A

Cataract, fibrosis, organ atrophy, reduced fertility/sterility

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27
Q

Cataract

A

Clouding of the lens of the eye, progressive from blurry to blindness

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28
Q

Fibrosis

A

Scarring

Excessive connective tissue

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29
Q

Organ atrophy

A

A decrease in size and function of an organ(s)

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30
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Transfer of energy into living tissue

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31
Q

Ionizing radiation is capable of damaging living tissue by

A

Ionization of atoms/molecules

Electromagnetic interaction

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32
Q

Ionization of atoms/molecules

A

Imparting energy and/or removing electrons from atoms

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33
Q

Electromagnetic interaction

A

Charged particles influencing atoms/molecules

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34
Q

Properties of energy based ionizing radiation

A

Pure energy, no mass, no charge, speed of light movement (“c”), waveform movement

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35
Q

Matter based ionizing radiation comes from

A

The nucleus of unstable atoms

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36
Q

Properties of matter based ionizing radiation

A

Contain matter, have mass, can have a charge, travel slower than the speed of light, straight line movement

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37
Q

The quality factor for X-ray, gamma ray, and beta particles is all the same, it is…

A

1 (one)

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38
Q

Alpha particles quality factor is…

A

20 (twenty)

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39
Q

Leukemia

A

Aberrant proliferation of white blood cells, considered to be a blood cancer

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40
Q

The normal RBC (red blood cells) to WBC (white blood cells) ratio is:

A

1000:1

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41
Q

Keloid

A

Excessive scar tissue

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42
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection, temperature regulation, to sense organ activity

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43
Q

Skin protection

A

Our “first line of defense”

A boundary against pathogens

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44
Q

Keratin

A

Protects against tears and cuts and excessive fluid loss

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45
Q

Melanin

A

Protects against UV radiation

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46
Q

Skin and temperature

A

Sweat glands (heat loss through evaporation)

Flow of blood close to body (heat loss through radiation)

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47
Q

Blushing or flushing

A

Reddening of skin due to increased blood flow

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48
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluing of skin due to decrease in blood flow

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49
Q

Skin and sensory

A

Millions of nerve endings, the “antennas” of the body. Receptors for light touch, pressure touch, pain, heat, cold

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50
Q

1st degree burn

A

Occurs on the epidermis, the most common is a sunburn;
May peel
No blistering
Tissue destruction is minimal

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51
Q

2nd degree burn

A

Includes the epidermis and dermis, does NOT include complete destruction of the dermis.
Includes blistering, swelling, and fluid loss.
Scarring is common

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53
Q

3rd degree burn

A

Includes the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers.
Complete destruction of dermis and epidermis and damage to the subcutaneous layer. Damage can be deeper (muscle and bone).
Insensitive to pain as nerves are destroyed.
Loss of fluid. Infection.

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54
Q

__________can greatly impact the circulatory system and reduce the bodies ability to protect/heal

A

radiation

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55
Q

hematologic depression can occur with a dose of

A

25 rads delivered in a short period of time

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56
Q

__________will decrease the number of blood cells in the bone marrow and will reduce the number of cells in circulation

A

radiation

57
Q

radiation primarily affects

A

the immature erythrocytes of the hematopoetic (blood) system

58
Q

erythrocytes are one of the

A

most radiosensitive cells in the body

59
Q

once mature, a RBC is

A

much less radiosensitive

60
Q

hematopoietic system

A

the most radiation sensitive of all body systems

61
Q

lymphocytes are the most radiation sensitive cells in the body whose lifespan is only

A

24 hours

62
Q

lymphocytes

A

a type of WBC responsible for defending the body against foreign disease processes

63
Q

a dose as low as 25 rads

A

can greatly reduce the number of lymphocytes in the blood, recovery is usually quick

64
Q

a dose of 50-100 rads

A

will reduce lymphocyte count to zero within a few days. full recovery can take several months

65
Q

neutrophils (wbc)

A

play a role in fighting infection, doses as low as 50 rads can decrease the number of cells, larger doses will rehire months t return back to normal ranges

66
Q

granulocytes (wbc)

A

respond to radiation by initially increasing their number, their number then rapidly decreases.
usually requires 2 months to fully recover.

67
Q

thrombocytes have a lifespan of

A

only 30 days

68
Q

a dose greater than 50 rads

A

reduces the number of thrombocytes, doses from 100-1000 rads will require months to regain back to original numbers

69
Q

thrombocytes initiate

A

clotting and prevent bleeding

70
Q

thrombocytes AKA

A

platelets

71
Q

neither blood or blood forming organs

A

should suffer damage from diagnostic radiology, the doses are too low

72
Q

patients who undergo radiation therapy can

A

experience a decrease in blood cells

73
Q

blood tests are performed on radiation therapy patients

A

bi weekly to monitor health as an insensitive way to measure radiation exposure due to being unable to accurately read below 10 rads

74
Q

Epi/Endothelial tissue

A

found in/on body, constantly regenerating and considered to be highly radiosensitive.

75
Q

crypt cells

A

stem cells to produce epithelial and endothelial tissues

76
Q

spermatogonia

A

male genetic cells, both mature and immature exist within the male testes

77
Q

sperm cells are stored and mature within the

A

epididymis

78
Q

mature spermatogonia are less sensitive to radiation due to

A

being specialized

79
Q

immature sperm cells are unspecialized and divide rapidly making them

A

more radiosensitive

80
Q

Ova

A

female genetic cells, both mature and immature exist within the female ovary

81
Q

ova do not

A

divide constantly

82
Q

genetic damage can occur if

A

an irradiated ova is fertilized, the child may be born with defects/mutations

83
Q

oocytes

A

aka ova

84
Q

mature ova

A

are less radiosensitive

85
Q

immature ova

A

are unspecialized and very radiosensitive

86
Q

embryo-fetus nervous tissue is

A

more radiosensitive than the nerve cells of adults

87
Q

fetal radiation can lead to

A

congenital anomalies

88
Q

embryo-fetus is most sensitive

A

8-15 weeks after gestation, lower risks exist until 25 weeks

89
Q

radiosensitive cells include

A

muscle, nerve, bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

90
Q

muscle tissue

A

highly specialized, cells do not divide, very radiosensitive

91
Q

adult nervous tissue

A

found in the brain/spinal cord, do not divide, highly specialized, a very high dose may cause damage to the nervous system

92
Q

a dose of 5000 rads

A

may lead to death in a few hours or days

93
Q

genetic effects occur as a result of

A

irradiation to genetic cells (meiosis) - symptoms manifest in future generations

94
Q

genetic effects can only be found in

A

future generations (the offspring of the irradiated individual)

95
Q

LD50/60

A

the amount of radiation dose it takes to kill 50% in 60 days

96
Q

the rate of leukemia in atomic bomb survivors was

A

2-3 times greater than expected

97
Q

fractionation

A

a big dose spread out over many smaller doses

98
Q

protraction

A

a big dose all at once

99
Q

females are less

A

radiosensitive than males

100
Q

most mutations are

A

recessive

101
Q

thyroid cancer observed due to

A

thymus irradiation such as rongelap, atoll nuclear test

102
Q

bone cancer observed in

A

radium watch dial painter, radio salt treatment

103
Q

skin cancer observed in patients

A

who received orthovoltage radiation therapy

104
Q

breast cancer observed in patients

A

who receive TB treatment and atom bomb survivors

105
Q

lung cancer observed in patients who

A

worked as uranium miners

106
Q

liver and spleen cancer observed in patients

A

who were exposed to thorotrast

107
Q

energy based ionizing radiation includes

A

X-rays, gamma rays (bundles of pure energy in transit)

108
Q

matter based ionizing radiation includes

A

alpha, protons, neutrons, and BETA (unstable nucleus)

109
Q

survival curves

A

a method of displaying cell sensitivity to a specific type of radiation

110
Q

survival curves demonstrate

A

the survival rate of cells exposed to certain amounts/types of radiation by noting how many cells have the ability to divide after radiation

111
Q

survival curves determine which types of cancer cells

A

might respond well to radiation therapy

112
Q

L.E.T

A

linear energy transfer

113
Q

O.E.R

A

Oxygen enhancement ratio

114
Q

Low L.E.T

A

low dose will exhibit little to no change due to cells ability to repair/recover

115
Q

High L.E.T

A

has no shoulder, a higher dose results in a lower survival rate

116
Q

damage from high LET is usually

A

irreparable, does not occur in the realm of diagnostic imaging

117
Q

Bergonie’ and Tribondeau

A

2 french scientists who discovered that radio sensitivity is a function of the metabolic state of the cell receiving the exposure

118
Q

Law of Bergonie’ & Tribondeau states

A

the radio sensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation

119
Q

Cells that are most sensitive to radiation injury or death include

A

least mature/specialized, high reproductive activity, and longest mitotic phase

120
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated, immature cells that are yet to have a specific function, not specialized, very sensitive to radiation

121
Q

White Blood Cells (WBC)

A

only live a few days and are highly radiosensitive

122
Q

Nerve cells and those that live long lives

A

are least sensitive to radiation

123
Q

highly specialized cells and those that divide slowly or not at all

A

are less radiosensitive (nerve, muscle, bone)

124
Q

the more time a cell spends in mitosis

A

the greater the radiosensitivity

125
Q

the greatest cellular damage occurs

A

towards the end of the M phase (telophase)

126
Q

Mitotic rate

A

basis for radiation therapy

127
Q

cancer cells are generally

A

immature, divide rapidly and undergo frequent mitosis

128
Q

cancel cells can be destroyed by radiation while

A

minimizing damage to normal healthy cells

129
Q

as LET increases

A

the occurrence of biological damage will increase also

130
Q

Alpha

A

High LET

131
Q

Gamma, Xray, Beta

A

low LET

132
Q

OER and presence of oxygen

A

this will effect the cells radio sensitivity, cells with a higher aerobic state will result in an increase in cellular damage. 2-3X more damage

133
Q

Lymphocytes are the most

A

radiation sensitive tissue in the body

134
Q

Quality factor

A

The factor by which the absorbed dose must be multiplied to obtain a quantity that expresses the biological damage to the exposed tissue

135
Q

RBE

A

Relative biological effectiveness

Ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another given the same amount of absorbed dose

136
Q

Wave particle duality

A

The exhibition of both wavelike and particle like properties by a single entity as of both diffraction and linear propagation by light

137
Q

Radio sensitive cell examples

A

WBC, stem cells, non specialized cells, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, oocytes, spermatogonia, crypt cells, epithelial/endothelial tissue

138
Q

Radio insensitive cell examples

A

Specialized cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, bone cells, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

SEM III - Radiation Biology (8 decks)

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