Cellular Anatomy & Function Flashcards
Chemical level organization
the simplest level of organization, the interaction of atoms and molecules with each otherDouble all
Cellular level of organization
The simplest unit of living material
Tissue level of organization
organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function.
Organ level of organization
group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a specific function
System level of organization
The most complex units of the body, organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body.
Body level of organization
the working together of atoms/molecules, cells, tissues, organs and systems
Cell membrane
frail, semi permeable, encasing the individual cell which separates the cell from the external environment.
Composition of cell membrane
lipids and protiens
function of cell membrane
to protect the cell from external agents, controls passage of materials in and out of the cell and contributes to the cells support system
protoplasm
the chemical building material for all living things which carries the complex process of metabolism, reception and processing of food and oxygen and the elimination of waste product.
protoplasm consists of
organic compounds and inorganic materials
cytoplasm
the protoplasm that is inside of a cell but outside of the cell nucleus, between the nucleus and the cell membrane. makes up the majority of the cell and contains the cells molecular components of DNA
cytoplasmic organelles
found in cytoplasm, miniature cellular components that allow the cell to function with organization and purpose. the “little organs” of the cell.
Inclusions of cytoplasmic organelles
endoplasmic riticulum golgi apparatus mitochondria lysosomes ribosomes centrosomes
Anabolism
the creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules
Catabolism
the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy
Passive transport
across the cell membrane occurs with osmosis, requiring no energy on behalf of the cell
Active transport
Occurs when the cell must expend energy to move substances in or out of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of vesicles and tubules spreading and connecting all throughout the cell. the “endless roadway”
Rough/granular ER
bumpy on the surface due to a collection of ribosomes used to synthesize proteins.
Rough/granular ER is more concentrated where?
In cells that produce excessive proteins for export to other places in the body
Smooth/agranular ER
smooth on the surface because it lacks the ribosomes that produce proteins.
Smooth/granular ER is more concentrated where?
In cells that only produce proteins for its own function.
Golgi Apparatus
Takes enzymes and hormones (proteins) and packages and transports them through the cell membrane and out into the bloodstream. The Fedex of the cell. GA=going away.
Lysosome
small round sacs within the cytoplasm responsible for breaking down and destroying large unneeded molecules in the cell. Contains digestive enzymes. The “garbage men” of the cell
Ribosome
The “protein factories” of the cell. small round sacs that appear along the ER where they make proteins for export from the cell.
Mitochondria
The “power houses” of the cell. They provide the energy the cell needs by breaking down lipids, carbs, and proteins through oxidative metabolism.
Mitochondria contain
the enzymes that produce ATP which is essential for life
ATP - adenosine triphosphate
The energy releasing material of mitochondria. The energy required for active transport.
Centrosome/centrioles
Centrosomes are located in the center of the cell by the nucleus and contain centrioles, which are small hollow cylindrical structures, They play a part in cellular reproduction by formation of mitotic spindles during cell division.
Cell nucleus
Separated from the cell by the nuclear envelope, composed of protoplasm/nucleoplasm, DNA (chromatin), proteins, and the nucleolus.
Nucleolus
Large structure within the nucleus which contains RNA
Nuclear membrane
Double walled envelope (membrane) that separates the nucleus from the cell
Organic compounds
compounds that contain carbon.
examples of organic compounds
Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), protiens, nucleic acids
Inorganic compounds
Compounds with no carbon, such as water, acids, bases and salts.
Osmosis
the movement of water into areas with a high concentration of ions.
“water follows salt”
Nucleic acids
Very large macromolecules made up of smaller structures. Cells all contain 2 important nucleic acids essential to cell function and metabolism (DNA & RNA)
DNA
contained within the cells nucleus, composed of 2 long sugar phosphate chains arranged as a double helix. Linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases that are attached in the center by hydrogen bonds.
RNA
One half of a DNA molecule into a one sided ladder. Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA, and the sugar-phosphate ladder has an extra O-H bond
mRNA
Indirect communication between cell nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles by transmission of genetic info outside the cell which travels from nucleus to ribosome. Directs protein synthesis.
tRNA
after mRNA relays the message from nucleus to ribosomes, the message is transferred to tRNA which directs ribosomes to create proteins. This then combines with the individual amino acids and arrange them in a specific order to manufacture the specific protein needs
Hydrogen bond
The center bond that attaches the nitrogenous organic bases in the double helix
Sugar/Phosphate chains - Double Helix
DNA - the configuration linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases that are attached in the center by hydrogen bonds
Nitrogenous organic bases
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine & Cytosine.
These compile the steps of the DNA ladder, which bond specifically in DNA
Cytosine
a pyrimidine that always bonds with guanine
Thymine
a pyrimidine that always bonds with adenine
Adenine
a purine that always bonds with thymine
Guanine
a purine that always bonds with cytosine
Purines
Compounds called adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine
Compounds called cytosine and thymine
proteins
very large molecules essential for tissue growth, construction of new tissues, and tissue repair.
Proteins are composed of
Amino acids and held together by peptide bonds.
Proteins include
collegen, keratin, enzymes and hormones
Lipids
AKA Fats, exist as phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol.
Lipids are composed of
a molecule of glycerine and 3 fatty acid molecules.
Carbohydrates
AKA saccharides. main function is to provide fuel for cell metabolism. “carbon and water”
Carbohydrates are composed of
starches and various sugars, either simple of complex compounds
monosaccharide
Simple sugars, contain 6 carbon atoms and 6 water molecules (glucose, fructose, gelactose)
disaccharide
2 simple sugars linked together (sucrose - cain sugar)
polysaccharide
More than 2 simple sugars linked together (plant starches and animal glycogen)
Cells are
the basic units of all living matter, the smallest unit of life.
The human body is composed of
trillions of cells, all cells are microscopic
Cells require all of the things that a human body needs to survive
water, food, gas exchange, elimination of waste
cells vary in
size, structure, and function
Levels of organization from simple to complex:
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Body
Somatic
referring to the body as a whole
Phospholipids
form the foundations of cell membranes. Phosphorus containing “head” - attracts water, and 2 fatty acids “tails” - repel water.
Membrane protiens
a cell controls what moves through the membrane by means of proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer,
Membranous organelles
specialized sacs or canals made of cell membrane
nonmembranous organelles
made of microscopic filaments or other non membranous materials
All of the cell metabolic function occur in
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is composed of water (80%) but also contains
proteins (15%), Carbohydrates (1-2%), lipids (1-2%), Salts (1-2%), Minerals (1-2%).
Oxidation
any chemical reaction that causes an atom to lose an electron
Mitochondria vary per type of cell from
a couple hundre to several thousand depending on the energy needs of that specific cell
xray damage to lysosome
membranes rupture, leak of enzymes into cytoplasm, cell death by cell digestion.
Mitotic spindles
Thread like, pull chromosomes apart, one cell becomes two.
Functions of mineral salts
keep correct balance of water in cells
Water
One of the compounds most essential to life. As much as 80% of body - inside cells and outside of cells. Solvent
Functions of water in cell
Acts as a medium for acids, bases, and salts to be dissolved. Functions as a solvent, transport vehicle, body temperature, lubricates.
How many different amino acids are there?
22
Structural proteins
provide the body with its shape and form. A source of heat and energy within the body.
Enzymatic proteins
Function as an organic catalyst (affect the rate of chemical reactions) and control the cells physiological activities.
repair enzymes
help repair damaged molecule within the cell
hormones and antibodies
chemical secretions from the endocrine system to regulate or act on other parts of the body
antibodies
protien molecules produced by B-lymphocytes to attack antigens
Carbohydrate chains of sugar molecules function as
short term energy,
The most abundant stoppage sites within the body are
the liver and muscle tissue
The body must break down the more complex carbohydrates in order to
process them into fuel
triglycerides
Glycerol unit, 3 fatty acid “tails”. Serve as stored energy in the body
Cholesterol
A steroid lipid, multiple ring structure, precursor to steroid hormones in body.
Nucleotides
Nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate.
Sugars are the_and the nitrogenous bases are the_
rails
steps
mRNA will direct
protein synthesis
cytoskeleton
The cells internal supporting framework. Rigid and rod like, provides support, allows movement
microvilli
found in the epithelial cells that line the intestines and other areas where absorption is important; they help to greatly increase the surface area.
cilia and flagella
cel processes that have cylinders made of microtubules at their core for movement of cell.
flagella are found only on
human sperm cells to move the cell. whip like tail.
cilia
little hairs
The four different types of tissues:
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Phospholipids are found…
In the cell membrane.
Triglycerides
Stored energy
The four phases of mitosis are
PMAT: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Nucleotides
Small structures that make up nucleic acids
The master molecule
DNA
Referred to this way because it contains all info that the cell needs to function. Contains genetic information for cell replication, information to regulate all cellular activity and to direct protein synthesis.
Every cell in the body
Contains the same genes but only some act to make the cells specialize.
e.g. Into nerve or muscle tissue.
DNA replication
Strand unzips becoming two RNA strands, missing bases are replaced (ATCG) and missing sugar/phosphate chains replaced. One DNA strand becomes two strands.
Cell division
The method in which a cell divides to form new cells
Somatic cell division
Divide by the process of mitosis
Genetic cell division
Divide by the process of meiosis
Genetic cells (reproduction/sex cells)
AKA germ cells or gametes
The four distinct phases of the cellular life cycle
G1 phase (gap 1) S phase (synthesis phase) G2 phase (gap 2) M phase (mitosis)
Interphase
G1, S, and G2 collectively make this up.
The period in between cell division, cell growth before mitosis.
AKA the “holding” phase
Cells spend 90% of their life in
Interphase
G1 phase
The first phase, the period to the synthesis of DNA, cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division. RNA is produced.
G1 phase is AKA
The first gap
The gap between mitosis and DNA synthesis
S - phase (synthesis)
2nd phase, the period in which DNA is synthesized.
A DNA molecule is copied and divided into daughter DNA molecules during…
S - phase (synthesis)
During S-phase, each chromosome reproduces itself and splits
Longitudinal to form two chromatids
Chromatids
Tightly coiled strands of DNA connected by a centromere
Centromere
Temporarily holds sister chromatids together until separation
G-2 Phase
Third phase, the period after DNA synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of prophase. The cell synthesizes proteins and RNA needed for the next mitosis.
G-2 phase is aka
The second gap phase, the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis.
M Phase (mitosis)
The fourth and final phase, the division phase
The four distinct phases of mitosis are
PMAT: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Prophase
The first phase of cell division where the nucleus enlarges and the centrioles migrate to the opposite ends of the cell to form the mitosis spindle.
Metaphase
The second phase of cell division where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and mitotic spindle fibers form between centrioles. Each chromosome is attached to centrioles by fibers.
Anaphase
The third phase of cell division where duplicate chromatids are pulled by the mitotic spindle to opposite ends.
Telophase
The fourth and final phase of cell division where the chromatids unwind from the coiled shape and the nuclear envelope reforms into two distinct nuclei
Cytokenisis
Cytoplasm divides and surrounds each cells nucleus.
Result of mitosis
Two daughter cells with their own nucleus and cellular membrane.
Exact duplicates.
Daughter cells
Exact duplicates of one another, both contain the same 46 chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis
Cell division that occurs only with germ cells, cell chromosomes must be reduced by half, from 46 to 23.
Meiosis is similar to mitosis but after
2 daughter cells are created (both with 46 chromosomes), those two daughter cells divide again without replicating the DNA resulting in 4 granddaughter cells with 23 chromosomes each which allow the male and female to each give 23 chromosomes when the sperm fertilizes the ovum.
2 sets of cell division are
Involved in meiosis
4 granddaughter cells are produced
In meiosis, each has only half the chromosomes of the parent cell.
In meiosis the parent cell has
46 chromosomes (1 cell), daughter has 46 chromosomes (2 cells), granddaughter has 23 chromosomes (4 cells)
The male parent determines
The gender of a child, contributing either an X or Y chromosome
The female parent always
Contributes an X chromosome
A sperm cell carries either
An X or Y chromosome but not both
Zygote
A fertilized egg comprised of 46 chromosomes, sperm - 23 chromosomes, egg - 23 chromosomes
Monozygotic twins
Aka identical twins, occurs when fertilized ovum (zygote) splits after fertilization, them two identical offspring are developed
Dizygotic twins
Aka fraternal twins. Occurs when multiple ovum are available and fertilize by more than one sperm. Twins are not identical, as if two offsprings were born at different times.
