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SEM III - Radiation Biology > Cellular Anatomy & Function > Flashcards

Cellular Anatomy & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical level organization

A

the simplest level of organization, the interaction of atoms and molecules with each otherDouble all

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2
Q

Cellular level of organization

A

The simplest unit of living material

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3
Q

Tissue level of organization

A

organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function.

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4
Q

Organ level of organization

A

group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a specific function

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5
Q

System level of organization

A

The most complex units of the body, organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body.

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6
Q

Body level of organization

A

the working together of atoms/molecules, cells, tissues, organs and systems

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

frail, semi permeable, encasing the individual cell which separates the cell from the external environment.

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8
Q

Composition of cell membrane

A

lipids and protiens

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9
Q

function of cell membrane

A

to protect the cell from external agents, controls passage of materials in and out of the cell and contributes to the cells support system

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10
Q

protoplasm

A

the chemical building material for all living things which carries the complex process of metabolism, reception and processing of food and oxygen and the elimination of waste product.

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11
Q

protoplasm consists of

A

organic compounds and inorganic materials

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12
Q

cytoplasm

A

the protoplasm that is inside of a cell but outside of the cell nucleus, between the nucleus and the cell membrane. makes up the majority of the cell and contains the cells molecular components of DNA

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13
Q

cytoplasmic organelles

A

found in cytoplasm, miniature cellular components that allow the cell to function with organization and purpose. the “little organs” of the cell.

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14
Q

Inclusions of cytoplasmic organelles

A 
endoplasmic riticulum
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
lysosomes
ribosomes
centrosomes
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15
Q

Anabolism

A

the creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules

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16
Q

Catabolism

A

the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

across the cell membrane occurs with osmosis, requiring no energy on behalf of the cell

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18
Q

Active transport

A

Occurs when the cell must expend energy to move substances in or out of the cell

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of vesicles and tubules spreading and connecting all throughout the cell. the “endless roadway”

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20
Q

Rough/granular ER

A

bumpy on the surface due to a collection of ribosomes used to synthesize proteins.

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21
Q

Rough/granular ER is more concentrated where?

A

In cells that produce excessive proteins for export to other places in the body

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22
Q

Smooth/agranular ER

A

smooth on the surface because it lacks the ribosomes that produce proteins.

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23
Q

Smooth/granular ER is more concentrated where?

A

In cells that only produce proteins for its own function.

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Takes enzymes and hormones (proteins) and packages and transports them through the cell membrane and out into the bloodstream. The Fedex of the cell. GA=going away.

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25
Q

Lysosome

A

small round sacs within the cytoplasm responsible for breaking down and destroying large unneeded molecules in the cell. Contains digestive enzymes. The “garbage men” of the cell

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26
Q

Ribosome

A

The “protein factories” of the cell. small round sacs that appear along the ER where they make proteins for export from the cell.

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27
Q

Mitochondria

A

The “power houses” of the cell. They provide the energy the cell needs by breaking down lipids, carbs, and proteins through oxidative metabolism.

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28
Q

Mitochondria contain

A

the enzymes that produce ATP which is essential for life

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29
Q

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

A

The energy releasing material of mitochondria. The energy required for active transport.

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30
Q

Centrosome/centrioles

A

Centrosomes are located in the center of the cell by the nucleus and contain centrioles, which are small hollow cylindrical structures, They play a part in cellular reproduction by formation of mitotic spindles during cell division.

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31
Q

Cell nucleus

A

Separated from the cell by the nuclear envelope, composed of protoplasm/nucleoplasm, DNA (chromatin), proteins, and the nucleolus.

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32
Q

Nucleolus

A

Large structure within the nucleus which contains RNA

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33
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Double walled envelope (membrane) that separates the nucleus from the cell

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34
Q

Organic compounds

A

compounds that contain carbon.

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35
Q

examples of organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), protiens, nucleic acids

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36
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Compounds with no carbon, such as water, acids, bases and salts.

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37
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water into areas with a high concentration of ions.
“water follows salt”

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38
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Very large macromolecules made up of smaller structures. Cells all contain 2 important nucleic acids essential to cell function and metabolism (DNA & RNA)

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39
Q

DNA

A

contained within the cells nucleus, composed of 2 long sugar phosphate chains arranged as a double helix. Linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases that are attached in the center by hydrogen bonds.

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40
Q

RNA

A

One half of a DNA molecule into a one sided ladder. Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA, and the sugar-phosphate ladder has an extra O-H bond

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41
Q

mRNA

A

Indirect communication between cell nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles by transmission of genetic info outside the cell which travels from nucleus to ribosome. Directs protein synthesis.

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42
Q

tRNA

A

after mRNA relays the message from nucleus to ribosomes, the message is transferred to tRNA which directs ribosomes to create proteins. This then combines with the individual amino acids and arrange them in a specific order to manufacture the specific protein needs

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43
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The center bond that attaches the nitrogenous organic bases in the double helix

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44
Q

Sugar/Phosphate chains - Double Helix

A

DNA - the configuration linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases that are attached in the center by hydrogen bonds

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45
Q

Nitrogenous organic bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine & Cytosine.

These compile the steps of the DNA ladder, which bond specifically in DNA

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46
Q

Cytosine

A

a pyrimidine that always bonds with guanine

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47
Q

Thymine

A

a pyrimidine that always bonds with adenine

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48
Q

Adenine

A

a purine that always bonds with thymine

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49
Q

Guanine

A

a purine that always bonds with cytosine

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50
Q

Purines

A

Compounds called adenine and guanine

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51
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Compounds called cytosine and thymine

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52
Q

proteins

A

very large molecules essential for tissue growth, construction of new tissues, and tissue repair.

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53
Q

Proteins are composed of

A

Amino acids and held together by peptide bonds.

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54
Q

Proteins include

A

collegen, keratin, enzymes and hormones

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55
Q

Lipids

A

AKA Fats, exist as phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol.

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56
Q

Lipids are composed of

A

a molecule of glycerine and 3 fatty acid molecules.

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57
Q

Carbohydrates

A

AKA saccharides. main function is to provide fuel for cell metabolism. “carbon and water”

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58
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of

A

starches and various sugars, either simple of complex compounds

59
Q

monosaccharide

A

Simple sugars, contain 6 carbon atoms and 6 water molecules (glucose, fructose, gelactose)

60
Q

disaccharide

A

2 simple sugars linked together (sucrose - cain sugar)

61
Q

polysaccharide

A

More than 2 simple sugars linked together (plant starches and animal glycogen)

62
Q

Cells are

A

the basic units of all living matter, the smallest unit of life.

63
Q

The human body is composed of

A

trillions of cells, all cells are microscopic

64
Q

Cells require all of the things that a human body needs to survive

A

water, food, gas exchange, elimination of waste

65
Q

cells vary in

A

size, structure, and function

66
Q

Levels of organization from simple to complex:

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Body
67
Q

Somatic

A

referring to the body as a whole

68
Q

Phospholipids

A

form the foundations of cell membranes. Phosphorus containing “head” - attracts water, and 2 fatty acids “tails” - repel water.

69
Q

Membrane protiens

A

a cell controls what moves through the membrane by means of proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer,

70
Q

Membranous organelles

A

specialized sacs or canals made of cell membrane

71
Q

nonmembranous organelles

A

made of microscopic filaments or other non membranous materials

72
Q

All of the cell metabolic function occur in

A

cytoplasm

73
Q

Cytoplasm is composed of water (80%) but also contains

A

proteins (15%), Carbohydrates (1-2%), lipids (1-2%), Salts (1-2%), Minerals (1-2%).

74
Q

Oxidation

A

any chemical reaction that causes an atom to lose an electron

75
Q

Mitochondria vary per type of cell from

A

a couple hundre to several thousand depending on the energy needs of that specific cell

76
Q

xray damage to lysosome

A

membranes rupture, leak of enzymes into cytoplasm, cell death by cell digestion.

77
Q

Mitotic spindles

A

Thread like, pull chromosomes apart, one cell becomes two.

78
Q

Functions of mineral salts

A

keep correct balance of water in cells

79
Q

Water

A

One of the compounds most essential to life. As much as 80% of body - inside cells and outside of cells. Solvent

80
Q

Functions of water in cell

A

Acts as a medium for acids, bases, and salts to be dissolved. Functions as a solvent, transport vehicle, body temperature, lubricates.

81
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

22

82
Q

Structural proteins

A

provide the body with its shape and form. A source of heat and energy within the body.

83
Q

Enzymatic proteins

A

Function as an organic catalyst (affect the rate of chemical reactions) and control the cells physiological activities.

84
Q

repair enzymes

A

help repair damaged molecule within the cell

85
Q

hormones and antibodies

A

chemical secretions from the endocrine system to regulate or act on other parts of the body

86
Q

antibodies

A

protien molecules produced by B-lymphocytes to attack antigens

87
Q

Carbohydrate chains of sugar molecules function as

A

short term energy,

88
Q

The most abundant stoppage sites within the body are

A

the liver and muscle tissue

89
Q

The body must break down the more complex carbohydrates in order to

A

process them into fuel

90
Q

triglycerides

A

Glycerol unit, 3 fatty acid “tails”. Serve as stored energy in the body

91
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid lipid, multiple ring structure, precursor to steroid hormones in body.

92
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate.

93
Q

Sugars are the_and the nitrogenous bases are the_

A

rails

steps

94
Q

mRNA will direct

A

protein synthesis

95
Q

cytoskeleton

A

The cells internal supporting framework. Rigid and rod like, provides support, allows movement

96
Q

microvilli

A

found in the epithelial cells that line the intestines and other areas where absorption is important; they help to greatly increase the surface area.

97
Q

cilia and flagella

A

cel processes that have cylinders made of microtubules at their core for movement of cell.

98
Q

flagella are found only on

A

human sperm cells to move the cell. whip like tail.

99
Q

cilia

A

little hairs

100
Q

The four different types of tissues:

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

101
Q

Phospholipids are found…

A

In the cell membrane.

102
Q

Triglycerides

A

Stored energy

103
Q

The four phases of mitosis are

A 
PMAT:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
104
Q

Nucleotides

A

Small structures that make up nucleic acids

105
Q

The master molecule

A

DNA
Referred to this way because it contains all info that the cell needs to function. Contains genetic information for cell replication, information to regulate all cellular activity and to direct protein synthesis.

106
Q

Every cell in the body

A

Contains the same genes but only some act to make the cells specialize.

e.g. Into nerve or muscle tissue.

107
Q

DNA replication

A

Strand unzips becoming two RNA strands, missing bases are replaced (ATCG) and missing sugar/phosphate chains replaced. One DNA strand becomes two strands.

108
Q

Cell division

A

The method in which a cell divides to form new cells

109
Q

Somatic cell division

A

Divide by the process of mitosis

110
Q

Genetic cell division

A

Divide by the process of meiosis

111
Q

Genetic cells (reproduction/sex cells)

A

AKA germ cells or gametes

112
Q

The four distinct phases of the cellular life cycle

A 
G1 phase (gap 1)
S phase (synthesis phase)
G2 phase (gap 2)
M phase (mitosis)
113
Q

Interphase

A

G1, S, and G2 collectively make this up.
The period in between cell division, cell growth before mitosis.
AKA the “holding” phase

114
Q

Cells spend 90% of their life in

A

Interphase

115
Q

G1 phase

A

The first phase, the period to the synthesis of DNA, cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division. RNA is produced.

116
Q

G1 phase is AKA

A

The first gap

The gap between mitosis and DNA synthesis

117
Q

S - phase (synthesis)

A

2nd phase, the period in which DNA is synthesized.

118
Q

A DNA molecule is copied and divided into daughter DNA molecules during…

A

S - phase (synthesis)

119
Q

During S-phase, each chromosome reproduces itself and splits

A

Longitudinal to form two chromatids

120
Q

Chromatids

A

Tightly coiled strands of DNA connected by a centromere

121
Q

Centromere

A

Temporarily holds sister chromatids together until separation

122
Q

G-2 Phase

A

Third phase, the period after DNA synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of prophase. The cell synthesizes proteins and RNA needed for the next mitosis.

123
Q

G-2 phase is aka

A

The second gap phase, the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis.

124
Q

M Phase (mitosis)

A

The fourth and final phase, the division phase

125
Q

The four distinct phases of mitosis are

A 
PMAT:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
126
Q

Prophase

A

The first phase of cell division where the nucleus enlarges and the centrioles migrate to the opposite ends of the cell to form the mitosis spindle.

127
Q

Metaphase

A

The second phase of cell division where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and mitotic spindle fibers form between centrioles. Each chromosome is attached to centrioles by fibers.

128
Q

Anaphase

A

The third phase of cell division where duplicate chromatids are pulled by the mitotic spindle to opposite ends.

129
Q

Telophase

A

The fourth and final phase of cell division where the chromatids unwind from the coiled shape and the nuclear envelope reforms into two distinct nuclei

130
Q

Cytokenisis

A

Cytoplasm divides and surrounds each cells nucleus.

131
Q

Result of mitosis

A

Two daughter cells with their own nucleus and cellular membrane.

Exact duplicates.

132
Q

Daughter cells

A

Exact duplicates of one another, both contain the same 46 chromosomes as the parent cell.

133
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that occurs only with germ cells, cell chromosomes must be reduced by half, from 46 to 23.

134
Q

Meiosis is similar to mitosis but after

A

2 daughter cells are created (both with 46 chromosomes), those two daughter cells divide again without replicating the DNA resulting in 4 granddaughter cells with 23 chromosomes each which allow the male and female to each give 23 chromosomes when the sperm fertilizes the ovum.

135
Q

2 sets of cell division are

A

Involved in meiosis

136
Q

4 granddaughter cells are produced

A

In meiosis, each has only half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

137
Q

In meiosis the parent cell has

A

46 chromosomes (1 cell), daughter has 46 chromosomes (2 cells), granddaughter has 23 chromosomes (4 cells)

138
Q

The male parent determines

A

The gender of a child, contributing either an X or Y chromosome

139
Q

The female parent always

A

Contributes an X chromosome

140
Q

A sperm cell carries either

A

An X or Y chromosome but not both

141
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg comprised of 46 chromosomes, sperm - 23 chromosomes, egg - 23 chromosomes

142
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Aka identical twins, occurs when fertilized ovum (zygote) splits after fertilization, them two identical offspring are developed

143
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Aka fraternal twins. Occurs when multiple ovum are available and fertilize by more than one sperm. Twins are not identical, as if two offsprings were born at different times.

SEM III - Radiation Biology (8 decks)

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