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SEM III - Radiation Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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0
Q

​Fluoroscopic machines must create an audible alarm signal after this much fluoro time:

A

​5 minutes

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1
Q

​Protective barriers must be shielded up to a height of at least:

A

7 feet

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2
Q

Secondary protective must provide as much shielding as:​

A

1/32nd inch Pb/Eq​

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3
Q

The amount of radiation escaping the tube housing as “leakage” must not exceed:

A

​​100 mR/hour at 1 meter

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4
Q

The atomic number of lead is:

​

A

82

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5
Q

Primary protective barriers must provide as much shielding as:
​

A

1/16th inch Pb/Eq

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6
Q

Source to tabletop distance for fixed fluoroscopic units must not be less than:

A

​15 inches​

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7
Q

​The whole body, cumulative, lifetime exposure of a 29 year old technologist may not exceed:
​

A

29 Rem

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8
Q

Source to tabletop distance for mobile fluoroscopic units must not be less than:
​

A

12 inches

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9
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term ALARA.​

A

​As Low As Reasonably Achievable - balance of image quality and patient dose

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10
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term remnant radiation.

A

​The portion of the primary beam that survives trip through the patient and emerges towards​the image receptor to form the “shadow” image

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11
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term deadman switch.​

A

Continuous pressure required - used in fluoroscopy

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12
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term primary barrier.​

A

Struck by primary x-ray beam - requires at least 1/16th of an inch lead equivalency

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13
Q

List the 3 Cardinal Rules of radiation protection.​

A

​Time, Distance, Shielding

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14
Q

A tech at 8 feet from the patient receives 2 mR of exposure from scatter. At 2 feet the tech would receive:

A

​32 mR

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15
Q

A tech at 3 feet from the patient receives 16 mR of exposure from scatter. At 6 feet the tech would receive:

A

​4 mR

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16
Q

The most radiosensitive of all body systems is:

A

Hematopoietic

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17
Q

The discovery of x-ray in November of 1895 is credited to:

​​

A

Roentgen

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18
Q

Voluntary motion is best controlled by:

​

A

Clear communication

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19
Q

Involuntary motion is best controlled by:

​

A

Short exposure time​​

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20
Q

Red blood cells are also known as:

​​

A

Erythrocytes

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21
Q

Watch dial painters from the 1920’s and 1930’s were exposed to the radioactive material:
​​​

A

Radium

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22
Q

The city of Chernobyl within the Ukraine is known for:

​

A

Nuclear power plant meltdown

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23
Q

Ionizing radiation that comes from the Earth itself is known as:
​​

A

Terrestrial

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24
Q

The greatest amount of Natural/Background exposure to humans is due to:
​

A

Radon gas​​​

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25
Q

​The radioactive debris from nuclear detonations is known as:
​​​

A

Fallout

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26
Q

The formula that allows a tech to maintain image density while changing both KVP and MAS is the:
​

A

15/50 Rule

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27
Q

The radiographer’s greatest tool in minimizing the production of scatter is the:
​

A

Collimator

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28
Q

Platelet cells of the blood are also known as:

​

A

Thrombocytes

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29
Q

Primary x-ray that has been redirected due to interaction with matter is known as:

A

​Scatter radiation

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30
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term epithelial crypt cells.
​

A

Specialized cells that replace worn out epithelial linings

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31
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term involuntary motion as it pertains to x-ray.​
​

A

Motion that cannot be controlled by the patient - heart beat, peristalsis, pulsation of vessls

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32
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term attenuation as it pertains to x-ray.​
​

A

The partial absorption and partial transmission of x-ray energy as it passes through matter

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33
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term divergent as it pertains to x-ray.
​

A

The x-ray beam spreads out as it passes through space, follows Inverse Square Law

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34
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term polyenergetic as it pertains to x-ray.​
​

A

The primary beam exists at a variety of x-ray energies

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35
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by the term ESE - Entrance Skin Exposure.​
​

A

Area where x-ray beam enters the patient’s body - site of greatest exposure to patient

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36
Q

Briefly describe the benefits of using a low ratio grid versus a high ratio grid for a portable exam.
​

A

Lower MAS/patient dose

​Greater latitude in grid alignment and usage

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37
Q

Briefly describe why skull x-rays are routinely taken with a PA versus an AP projection.

A

​ESE - minimize dose to the radiosensitive eyes and thyroid gland

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38
Q

The annual dose limit for whole body occupational exposure is:

A

5 Rem​​

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39
Q

The minimum lead equivalency for protective aprons used in fluoroscopy is:

A

0.5 mm

​

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40
Q

The amount of time that an area is occupied by people is known as:

A

Occupancy factor​​

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41
Q

The percentage of time that an x-ray tube is energized and producing radiation is known as:
​

A

Use factor

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42
Q

The minimum lead equivalency for a thyroid shield is:

A

​0.5 mm

43
Q

The annual dose limit for a student less than 18 years of age is:
​

A

0.1 Rem​

44
Q

The annual dose limit for occupational exposure to the skin and extremities may not exceed:

A

​50 Rem

45
Q

Fluoroscopic x-ray intensity at tabletop must not exceed:

A

10 R/minute

46
Q

The level of radiation activity within a room is known as:

​

A

Workload

47
Q

Fetal dose limit for any single month of gestation is:

A

​0.05 Rem​

48
Q

The annual dose limit for whole body exposure of the general public is:
​

A

​0.5 Rem​

49
Q

The annual dose limit for occupational exposure to the lens of the eye may not exceed:

A

15 Rem

50
Q

The x-ray tube housing must be shielded to at least:​

A

1/16th inch Pb/Eq

51
Q

Fetal dose limit for an entire 9 month gestation is:

A

0.5 Rem​

52
Q

To reduce patient dose the primary x-ray beam must be filtered to at least:​

A

2.5 mm Al/Eq​

53
Q

As KVP increases patient absorbed dose:​

​

A

Decreases

54
Q

As imaging system speed increases patient dose:

​

A

Increases​

55
Q

The speed of digital imaging systems is largely controlled by:
​

A

Sampling size/rate

56
Q

As grid ratio increases patient dose:

A

Increases​

​

57
Q

The most radiosensitive of all body cells are

A

Lymphocytes

​

58
Q

As the volume of tissue irradiated increases scatter production:

A

Increases​

59
Q

Epithelial tissues are found within the

A

Intestinal linings, respiratory tract, and lining of blood cells

60
Q

The layer of the alimentary canal that possesses glands, blood vessels, and nerves is known as the

A

Submucosa

61
Q

According to the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

Mature cells are insensitive, highly reproductive cells and long mitotic phases are sensitive

62
Q

Radiation safety measures for techs are based upon this curve

A

The linear nonthreshold

63
Q

As the oxygen level within a cell increases it’s radio sensitivity

A

Increases

64
Q

The ionizing radiation particle comprised of 2 protons and 2 neutrons is

A

Alpha

65
Q

Rad x QF is the formula for calculating

A

Rems

66
Q

The international unit for radiant energy absorbed in tissue is

A

Gray

67
Q

The traditional unit for radiant energy absorbed in a medium is

A

Rad

68
Q

The international unit for calculating X-ray in air is

A

Air Kerma

69
Q

The traditional unit for calculating X-ray in air is

A

Roentgen

70
Q

The threshold dose of whole body radiation considered to be lethal is

A

300 rads

71
Q

The international unit for the radioactive decay is

A

Becquerel

72
Q

The international unit for calculating exposure equivalent is

A

Sievert

73
Q

Permanent sterility in males is

A

500-600 Rads

74
Q

The traditional unit for the rate of radioactive decay is

A

Curie

75
Q

Research assistant to Thomas Edison

A

Clarance Dailey

76
Q

The traditional unit for calculating exposure equivalent

A

REM

77
Q

Structures responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

78
Q

Somatic cells divide by

A

Mitosis

79
Q

In Cell division each parent cells possess

A

46 chromosomes

80
Q

Network of vesicles and tubules within a cell is known as

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

81
Q

The nuclear membrane dissolves and centrioles begin to migrate in opposite directions during

A

Prophase

82
Q

(T/F) All cells within the human body contain a equal # of mitochondria

A

False

83
Q

A method of displaying specific cell sensitivity to a specific type of radiation

A

Survival curve

84
Q

Platelet cells of the blood are also known as

A

Thrombocytes

85
Q

The stochastic effect known as “all or nothing” is

A

Stochastic effect

86
Q

A person developing leukemia 15 years after an exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Stochastic

87
Q

As the oxygen level within a cell increases it’s radiosensitivity

A

Increases

88
Q

The layer of the alimentary canal that possesses glands, blood vessels, and nerves is the

A

Submucosa

89
Q

Microwaves

A

Are not capable of ionizing matter

90
Q

The amount of energy deposited in tissue per unit of distance is known as

A

LET

91
Q

Frequency is measured in

A

Hertz

92
Q

The interraction most responsible for the absorption of X-ray energy by matter is

A

Photoelectric

93
Q

As the wavelength of a given type of EMR decreases it’s energy

A

Increases

94
Q

Gamma

A

Is not a matter based ionizing radiation

95
Q

The interraction between photons and inner shell electrons is

A

Photoelectric

96
Q

Oxygen rich tissue suffers damage compared to oxygen poor at a rate of

A

2-3x greater

97
Q

5 rads of a test radiation will cause the same biologic reaction as 40 rads of our reference radiation. The RBE of our test is

A

8 (40/5)

98
Q

Cell death during interphase is known as

A

Apoptosis

99
Q

Exposure to a cell just before cell division will most likely result in

A

Mitotic delay

100
Q

Biological damage sustained by a living organism due to ionizing radiation is best defined by

A

Somatic effects

101
Q

The most radio sensitive of all body systems is the

A

Hematopoietic system

102
Q

XRAY leads to

A

Free radical formation

103
Q

X-ray has a high

A

OER

104
Q

Alpha has a low

A

OER

SEM III - Radiation Biology (8 decks)

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