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SEM III - Radiation Biology > Acute Radiation Syndrome > Flashcards

Acute Radiation Syndrome Flashcards

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0
Q

ARS

A

A collection of symptoms associated with high level radiation doses to the entire body over a short period.

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1
Q

Acute Radiation Syndrome aka

A

ARS or radiation sickness

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2
Q

Syndrome

A

A collection of symptoms

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3
Q

Protracted

A

A large exposure all at once

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4
Q

Fractionated

A

Large exposure over an extended period of time

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5
Q

The three separate dose related syndromes that occur with ARS:

A

Hematopoietic syndrome

Gastrointestinal syndrome

Cerebrovascular syndrome

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6
Q

The four major response stages that occur with ARS:

A

Prodromal or initial stage

Latent period

Manifest illness

Recovery or death

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7
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Occurs within hours after whole body irradiation of 100 rads or more

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8
Q

Symptoms of Prodromal stage

A

Nausea, vommitting, diarrhea, fatigue, and leukopenia.

Severity of symptoms is dose related - as dose increases symptoms increase

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9
Q

Length of the Prodromal stage

A

A few hours to a few days, dependent on dose.

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10
Q

Latent period

A

Occurs after the Prodromal stage, lasts about one week.

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11
Q

Latent

A

Hidden or invisible

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12
Q

Latent period symptoms

A

No display of symptoms, general feeling of well being.

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13
Q

During the latent period, either…

A

Recovery or lethal effects begin to occur. Damage has been done but no visible symptoms

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14
Q

Manifest illness

A

Begins towards the end of the first week, symptoms begin to become visible.

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15
Q

Manifest

A

Visible

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16
Q

Some symptoms that occur during the manifest period are

A

Apathy, confusion, headaches, epilation, exhaustion, severe diarrhea, vommitting, fluid loss, dehydration, decrease in WBC/RBC/platelets, fever, infection, hemorrhage, and cardiovascular collapse

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17
Q

Exposed individuals to ARS may recover if

A

They received a sub lethal whole body dose of no more than 200-300 rads, if they have survived the first three stages, if medical support is available, recovery may occur within a 3 month period.

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18
Q

Likelihood of death due to ARS increases if

A

They have received a whole body super lethal dose of more than 600-1000 rads

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19
Q

Hematopoietic syndrome is aka

A

Bone marrow syndrome

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20
Q

Hematopoietic syndrome is caused when

A

A dose of 100-1000 rads over whole body, including massive cytopenia (decreased RBC/ WBC/platelets

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21
Q

Hematopoietic system is the most

A

Radiosensitive system in the human body

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22
Q

Lymphocytes are the most

A

Sensitive cells of the body

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23
Q

Death occurs primarily as a result of_____________________ during hematopoietic syndrome

A

Bone marrow destruction

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24
Q

Death occurs secondarily as a result of

A

Infection and/or hemorrhage

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25
Q

Death may occur within 6-8 weeks with a dose of

A

200+ rads

Survival time decreases as dose increases

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26
Q

Bone marrow transplants

A

Can be beneficial to survival

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27
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome has a threshold of

A

600 rads and peaks after a dose of 1000 rads (damage won’t get any worse after this dose).

28
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome has a latent period lasting up to

A

5 days

29
Q

Without treatment, gastrointestinal syndrome will cause death within

A

3-10 days

30
Q

With treatment, survival from gastrointestinal syndrome

A

Will be prolonged a few more days

31
Q

Death from gastrointestinal syndrome occurs as a result of

A

epithelial cell damage in the lining of the GI tract, intestinal epithelial tissue cannot be transplanted

32
Q

During gastrointestinal syndrome, the small intestine is

A

Most severely affected. Including Catastrophic damage to epithelial cells, death to intestinal crypt cells.

33
Q

The epithelial lining forms a biologic barrier which separates

A

Intestinal contents from blood.

34
Q

The loss of the biologic barrier results in

A

Massive infection, massive bleeding, and massive dehydration

35
Q

The walls of the digestive tract include

A 
Mucosa/mucous membrane
Sub mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (outermost)
Lumen (inner/hollow space)
36
Q

The mucosa/mucous membrane is

A

The innermost layer, epithelial layer with a semi-permeable membrane.

The barrier between the body and the GI tract

37
Q

The submucosa is the

A

Second layer of the digestive tract, just below the mucosa, containing glands, blood vessels, and nerves.

38
Q

The muscularis is the

A

Muscular layer of the digestive tract containing two layers of muscles. Its shape is circular and longitudinal and its function is peristalsis (rhythmic muscular contractions)

39
Q

The serosa of the digestive tract is the

A

Outermost layer - visceral peritoneum anchored to the abdominal wall by mesentery

40
Q

Cerebraovasvular syndrome

A

Occurs when the CNS and cardiovascular system receive doses of 5000 rads or more, the latent period lasts up to 12 hours and death will occur within a few hours to a couple of days. No time for hematopoietic or gastrointestinal syndrome to occur.

41
Q

Cerebrovascular syndrome is the

A

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.

This allows fluid for blood to leave blood vessels a center the brain tissue causing massive edema to the brain.

42
Q

Damaged blood vessels during cerebrovascular syndrome permits

A

Fluid to leak into the brain causing increased intracranial pressure.

43
Q

Symptoms of cerebrovascular syndrome include

A

Disorientation, shock, agitation, stupor, ataxia, loss of balance, fatigue, lethargy, seizures, and coma.

44
Q

Death caused by cerebrovascular syndrome is due to

A

Massive cerebral edema; cardiovascular system failure

45
Q

Somatic effect

A

Biological damage sustained by a living organism as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation

46
Q

Soma

A

Body

47
Q

Early somatic effects versus late somatic effects

A

Depends on the length of time from irradiation to the appearance of symptoms as a result of irradiation

48
Q

Genetic effects

A

Biological effects of radiation to future generations

49
Q

Stochastic effects

A

Probabilistic.

May include leukemia and other cancers but cannot be 100% sure radiation caused the effect

50
Q

Nonstochastic effects

A

Deterministic effects that can be early or late.

“No doubt” the radiation exposure caused the effect.

51
Q

Radium watch dial painters (1920’s-1930’s)

A

Factories primarily in New Jersey, mainly young girls using sable brushes for a fine point, ingested large amounts of radium which incorporated into bone tissue causing decalcification of bone, sarcoma, and carcinoma; radium jaw.

52
Q

Uranium miners, Navajo (1950’s-1960’s)

A

50% died of lung cancer from the uranium mines in NM and AZ, mainly Navajo. Employed 15000 miners, who brought home radioactive dose on clothes and contaminated homes and families.

53
Q

Uranium is a fuel for nuclear power and weapons, is a tradition element (radon, radium), emits alpha, beta, gamma radiation and has a half life of

A

4.5 billion years!

54
Q

Early medical radiation workers (1896-1910’s)

A

Radiologists, dentists, technologists, physicists received high exposures to face and hands due to no protective equipment used. An increased incidence of aplastic anemia and leukemia.

55
Q

Since the 1940’s

A

Radiation Workers have NO documented increase in adverse health effects due to their occupational exposure

56
Q

Thorotrast patients (1925-1945)

A

An early contrast agent for angiography had an uptake into the liver and spleen leading to an increased incidence of liver cancer, cancer of spleen, biliary carcinoma, and angio sarcoma.

57
Q

Infant thymus gland patients (1940’s-1950’s)

A

Thymus gland in infants irradiated to treat enlargement of thymus gland which is located in the superior mediastinum directly adjacent to the thyroid gland.

58
Q

Marshall Islanders (1946) - Bikini Atoll

A

Nuclear testing with an unexpected wind shift which carried fallout pattern over inhabited islands. The average dose to thyroid was 12 Gray (1200 rads)

59
Q

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

A

Estimated combined population of 300,000; estimated 80,000 killed immediately, estimated 70,000 injured. All survivors suffered from various degrees of radiation exposure.

60
Q

Approximately 100,000 survivors studied from Nagasaki/Hiroshima and found

A

Increased incidence of leukemia, thyroid/lung cancer, bone/breast cancer.

One out of every 3 hundred survivors died of malignancy attributed to the whole body radiation exposure.

61
Q

Chernobyl, USSR (1986)

A

Meltdown/explosion at a nuclear power plant, tried to “cover it up” with no international notification, discovered by Swedish monitoring systems. Delay in administering aid resulted in millions developing radiation induced illnesses

62
Q

Fukushima Daiichi (2011)

A

Earthquake followed by tsunami caused nuclear power plant to meltdown and cause exposure to millions.

63
Q

LD 50/30 & LD 50/60

A

Dose to kill 50% of a population within 30or 60days after exposure.
50/60 used for humans due to slower recovery rate and inaccurate results if only 30 days given to determine whether or not death will occur.

64
Q

A whole body dose of 300-400 rads is said to be the

A

Lethal dose generally requires for humans without medical intervention; the dose may be higher with medical intervention.

65
Q

Radioactivity

A

An unstable nucleus emitting energy and/or particles in an effort to become stable. The energy is gamma radiation and the particles are alpha particles, protons, neutrons, and beta particles.

66
Q

Doubling dose

A

Measures the effectiveness of radiation in causing mutations.
- measures the radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations in a given generation to increase by two (doubling)

67
Q

Doubling dose is estimated to be a mean dose of

A

156 rem and was determined from the Japan bomb survivors.

SEM III - Radiation Biology (8 decks)

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