Sources of prejudice

Question 1

Prejudice is:

Answer 1

A negative attitude and effective response toward a group and it’s members

Question 2

Clark and Clark found what?

Answer 2

That children internalize prejudice at an early age

Question 3

Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of particular groups are

Answer 3

Stereotypes

Question 4

Devine’s award-winning dissertation on stereotypes found that:

Answer 4

high and low prejudice people are both equally familiar with ST’s

Stereotype activation wasn’t related to having higher prejudice when primed with a stereotype

Those who are low in prejudice DO activate the stereotype but override it.

Being cognitively fatigued is related to stereotype use in decision-making.

Question 5

Discrimination is

Answer 5

Unfair treatment based on the membership of a particular group.

Question 6

3 tenets of Modern Racism

Answer 6

Denying discrimination still exists
Resentment of the demands for equal treatment
Resentment about concessions made to marginalized groups

Question 7

Rejecting overtly racist beliefs, but still holding an enduring prejudice

Answer 7

Aversive racism

Question 8

avoidance of outgroup members and subtle discrimination

Answer 8

behavioural consequence of aversive racism

Question 9

What are 3 ways to empirically study prejudice?

Answer 9

Self-report (weak)
IAT
Priming
Creating groups in the lab (Minimal Group Paradigm)

Question 10

What is the Minimal Group Paradigm?

Answer 10

forming groups based on trivial categories and testing the effects

(we still show in-group bias because we are stupid monkeys on a giant space rock ;)

Question 11

What are 3 types of Stereotype Causes?

Answer 11

Motivational
Economic
Cognitive
(MEC)

Question 12

Name and explain a theory related to economic stereotype cause

Answer 12

Realistic Conflict Theory: competition between groups is fueled by limited resources

Question 13

Reducing inter-group conflict can be achieved by

Answer 13

introducing a super-ordinate goal

Question 14

Social identity theory

Answer 14

• we have social and personal identities and favour ingroups, and derogate outgroups to enhance our self-esteem

Question 15

What totally unethical and non-consensual study did Jane Elliot conduct? What happened?

Answer 15

Told 3rd grade students that superiority was based on blue eye colour and switched it the next day.

The kids quickly formed groups based on this and taunted out group members.

Question 16

BIRGing is

Answer 16

Basking in reflected glory

Question 17

Explain the 1997 work of Fein and Spencer on in/out groups.

Answer 17

One group given pos feedback on intelligence
One group given neg feedback

Pos group rated in/out groups equally and had no change in self-esteem
Neg group went hard on outgroup members and showed a rise in self-esteem afterwards

Question 18

When we experience a drop in self-esteem, we can

Answer 18

react by self-affirm
Downward compare
make external attribution about failure

Question 19

What did Macrae et al discover about cognitve perspectives for prejudice?

Answer 19

Stereotypes and the Conservation of Cognitive Resources
We use stereotypes (heuristics) as a way to save mental effort

(Macrae et al 1994), priming with a stereotype freed up cog resources and improved recall of facts.

Question 20

Define and explain Illusory Correlations

Answer 20

• Distinct events are more likely remembered
• can be over-repped in memory leading to easier recall (availability heuristic)

Members of minority groups are by nature more distinct
Negative events are also more distinctive

“We associate minority members with negative events more easily and are more sensitive to the neg events involving those members)”

Question 21

T/F

Moderately counter-stereotypical people are often discounted as outliers and don’t affect our views.

Answer 21

False (Kunda and Olseson 1997) found that extreme counter-stereotypical had almost no effect on stereotype impression.

Question 22

When we encounter somebody who violates our stereotype, we can?

Answer 22

Revise our stereotype (cog taxing)
subtype as a special case

Question 23

What happened in Greenwald et al’s study on racial prejudice?

Answer 23

People were more likely to “shoot” a black male holding a harmless object

Question 24

Authoritarian personalities are more likely to

Answer 24

have ethnocentric attitudes
submissive respect for their ingroups
hold punitive attitudes.

Question 25

People on both extremes of the political spectrum share which tendencies?

Answer 25

catastrophizing events, dehumanizing the other side and seeking control

Question 26

Conforming to social norms is correlated with

Answer 26

being more prejudiced