Social Beliefs Flashcards
What are the two systems we use to judge our social world?
Conscious/Unconscious
Attempting to influence judgement by activating associations is memory is:
Priming
Automatic processing uses:
schemas and emotional reactions
When we are eager to seek validation for beliefs, avoid disproving evidence:
Confirmation bias
Heuristics are:
simple mental shortcuts based on previous experiences or stereotypes
when we are aware of more examples relating to one answer versus another, we use the:
availability heuristic
a high level of emotional arousal leads to an increase of using:
heuristics
Persistence of your initial conceptions, even after the were discredited:
Belief perseverance
When attributing intention or motivation to another person’s negative behaviour, we sometimes fail to:
make situational attributions (physical or social circumstances)
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others’ behaviour
The Fundamental Attribution Error
3 factors in Kelley’s Covariation Model
Consensus
Consistency
Distinctiveness
We are more likely to use Covariation when events are: (3 of 4)
Unexpected
Unpleasant
Novel
Self-relevant
What occurs in the actor/observer effect?
We attribute the behaviour of others to their disposition, but do the opposite for our own.
What did Dweck discover about praising kids for achievement?
That it led to a fixed mindset and made them more risk averse.
What is base rate neglect?
ignoring the numerical frequency of various events when estimating the likelihood
Do we assign more weight to negative or positive information?
Negative (cake good, cake +spider makes us like cake less, not spiders more)
the process by which expectations about an individual lead that person to engage in ways that confirm our preconception/expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Explain Gilberts two stage model:
We assume the person’s behaviour is due to their personality. This step is quick and automatic.
The second step is to think about the situation the person is in. This requires effort and awareness.
A set of factors that people use to determine whether a behaviour is motivated by internal or external factors. (attribution)
Correspondent Inference Theory
What are 4 factors from Correspondent Inference Theory?
*Whether the behaviour was freely chosen
*Whether the behaviour was expected or common
*Whether the behaviour has desirable outcomes for the actor (principles of augmenting and discounting)
If a behaviour is freely chosen and has poor outcome for a person, the beh is likely to be motivated by…
Internal reasons
What are schemas?
Mental Structures that we use to organize knowledge
Why are schemas important?
They guide our attention and encoding.
how quickly we notice
what we notice and how we interpret it
what we remember
Define Priming
the process by which recent events or experiences increase the accessibility of schemas, traits, concepts
What did the classic Donald study show?
That priming with positive or negative words prior to reading about a man predicted how subjects would rate him. That priming affects cognition
Priming can affect our physical behaviour? T/F?
BONUS- what was the study that showed this??
True, Bargh et al 2006, priming with words related to stereotypes of seniors. Led to slower walking
What were the results of the Pygmalion in the classroom study?
That positive expectations from a teacher led to dramatic improvements in performance
The Pygmalion effect is also known as?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
