Sources of Genetic Variation Quiz

Question 1

involve environmental mutagens

Answer 1

induced mutations

Question 2

mutations involve DNA replication errors

Answer 2

spontaneous mutation

Question 3

When, withiin a code, one nucleotide is replaced by another with a difference base

Answer 3

base substitutions

Question 4

due to insertions or deletions of nucleotides

Answer 4

frameshift mutation

Question 5

depend on DNA replication rate and reliability of replication
Depend on exposure to radiation and other mutagens
determines the evolutionary potential of cells - provides fuel for natural selection

Answer 5

Mutation rates

Question 6

“jumping gene” that can “jump” between chromosomes or plasmids
- enters the host genoma via the enzyme transposase generating recombinant DNA (generated from two or more soures)

Answer 6

Transposon

Question 7

Plasmids are transimitted via mating bridge involving sex pili in G- cells
G+ cells gain intimate contat and exchange DNA through conjugation bridge
-Can be accelerated when cells are exposed to environmental stress

Answer 7

Conjugation

Question 8

-the transfer of genes from one bacterium to another via a virus (some viruses can infect several species and even genera)

Answer 8

Transduction

Question 9

Bacterial genome breaks into fragments and some of the newly forming viruses pick up a bacterial DNA fragment instead of viral DNA

Answer 9

Generalized transduction

Question 10

Viral DNA is integrated into a bacterial genome at one specific site “lysogenized”
- The virus excises itself along with the neighboring bacterial DNA (a restricted group of bacterial genes are transferred to new host cell, instead of a random fragment)

Answer 10

Specialized Transduction

Question 11

• Naked DNA is taken up by bacteria and recombines with the main bacterial genome
• Cells must be competent in order to take up the naked DNA.

Answer 11

Transformation

Question 12

When genes from a cell are transferred to another existing cell
- when genes from a bacterium are transferred to a neighboring bacterium
Conjugation, Transduction, and transformation all result in this
-80% of microbe genes have been laterally transferred at some point in their history
-Bacterial speciation is driven by LGT rather than from mutations

Answer 12

Lateral/Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 13

1. A gene source.
2. Vector - (DNA into which the desired gene is spliced so the gene can be inserted into a host cell
3. Cell in which the recombinant can proliferate

Answer 13

Requirements for Genetic Engineering